改进WQI在川中丘陵地区典型流域水质评价中的应用——以琼江流域上游段为例

水质指数(WQI)克服了传统水质评价方法无法同时满足定性评价与定量评价的缺点,但其所需指标较多,无法做到广泛运用.以琼江流域上游段为川中丘陵地区典型流域的代表,对其2018—2019年水质监测数据进行多元线性逐步回归分析,从25个水质指标中筛选出氨氮(NH3-N)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、溶解...     

Characteristics of two transferable aminoglycoside resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from pig and chicken manure

pRKZ3 is a non-conjugative IncQ plasmid, while pKANJ7 is a conjugative IncX plasmid. The optimal mating time of pKANJ7 varied under different conditions. Both of the two transferable ARPs had little impact on the growth of their hosts. A relatively high level of fitness cost was observed for pKANJ7. The fitness cost of ARPs depended on their hosts. Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have recently become a more prominent concern in the global environment. However, the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance plasmids in the livestock industry is under reported. In this study, two transferable aminoglycoside resistance plasmids, pRKZ3 and pKANJ7, isolated from pig and chicken manure, were characterized. Results showed that pRKZ3 (8236 bp) is a non-conjugative IncQ plasmid and contains genes encoding for plasmid replication and stabilization (repA, repB and repC), mobilization (mob), and antibiotic resistance (arr-3 and aacA). pKANJ7 (30142 bp) is a conjugative IncX plasmid which codes for a type IV secretion system (T4SS). Conjugative transfer experiments showed that the optimal mating time of pKANJ7 was 8 h under the starvation condition, but the number of tranconjugants increased with time under the nutrient condition. Statistical analysis indicated that the two plasmids had little impact on the growth of their hosts, but a relatively high level of fitness cost due to pKANJ7 was observed. We also found that the fitness cost of plasmids depended on their hosts. Compared with pKANJ7, the relative fitness cost index of pRKZ3 varied within a narrow range during the 10 days of competition. The low level of fitness cost of pRKZ3 might contribute to the persistence of the plasmid in the environment. Our study provides new information for understanding the characterizations of antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) in manure sources and helps to clarify the transfer and persistence of ARPs in the environment following the application of manure.     

纳米金属氧化物对土壤酶活性的影响研究进展

纳米金属氧化物的大量生产和广泛应用使其不可避免地进入环境中,土壤是其释放到环境中主要的汇。纳米颗粒由于尺寸效应,具有许多独特的物理化学性质,其进入环境后潜在的生态和健康风险问题日益受到研究者的关注。土壤酶是土壤生物化学过程的主要参与者,也是生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中最活跃的生物活性物质。土壤酶活性的变化能反映土壤中生化反应的情况,可作为评价土壤中纳米材料污染状况的生物学指标。本文较系统地回顾和总结了纳米金属氧化物对土壤酶活性的影响及可能的影响途径,探讨了纳米金属氧化物作用于土壤酶的主要影响途径,并展望了未来研究主要发展方向。     

基于生物膜模型的脉冲生物滤池硝化效果模拟

针对脉冲生物滤池的硝化功能,依据物料衡算方程、Fick第一定律构建生物膜传质子模型以及简化的ASM3模型,建立生物膜反应子模型。以Matlab软件为平台编程,模拟在沿脉冲生物滤池水流方向上基质浓度,并依据实测值和参数灵敏度进行分步校正。实测和模拟结果均表明:COD、NH+4-N、NO-2-N的去除主要集中在脉冲生物滤池的中上部、中部、下部,COD和氨氮去除率分别为45%、50%。当改变有机负荷和布水周期时,氨氮去除率随有机负荷的增大而减小,随布水周期的增大而增大。     

利用成组生物测试评估某城市典型污水处理工艺

设计了一组基于生物标记物的生物测试方法,并用于评价某城市4个典型污水处理工艺对水中痕量有毒有机物的去除效果.测试方法包括检测芳烃(Ah)受体效应物质生物毒性的EROD(7-乙氧基-3-异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶)试验、类雌激素效应物质的重组基因酵母生物毒性试验和遗传毒性物质的SOS/umu试验.结果表明,4个典型的城市污水处理工艺对Ah受体效应物质、类雌激素效应物质和遗传毒性物质都有一定的去除效果,其中A2/O处理工艺对3类物质的去除效果最明显;空气曝气活性污泥工艺对直接遗传毒性物质的去除效果较好,但对Ah受体效应物质的去除效果一般,倒置A2/O处理工艺和氧化沟处理工艺也能够较好地去除这3类物质,两种处理工艺效果相当.采用成组生物标记物方法可以对城市污水中的痕量有毒有机物进行毒性筛选或测试,适用于水处理工艺的风险评价.     

磁技术在废水处理中的应用

介绍了磁技术——磁电解、磁分离、磁凝聚在工业废水处理中的应用及各种技术的原理和最新研究状况,并阐述了磁技术的优缺点和发展前景。针对热轧废水中的悬浮物具有磁性并可影响废水中油珠的稳定性这一特点,指出了采用磁凝聚法进行处理的优势。     

气泡帷幕减弱水中冲击波强度的研究

通过对水中冲击波与气泡相互作用过程的诸现象进行分析,从能量变化角度探讨了气泡帷幕衰减水中冲击波的最佳方式。通过对水中冲击波引起挡水坞门振动的安全监测及频谱分析,讨论了挡水坞门不同方向上振动参量的变化规律。     

工业园区和城区VOCs组成及化学活性的空间差异对清远大气臭氧污染分布的影响

工业化与城镇化交替演进使珠三角及其周边地区土地利用类型较为复杂。快速的城市化进程使城市建成区与大量村镇工业园区互相交错。这种变化势必会增加挥发性有机物(VOCs)在组分构成和空间分布上的复杂性,并对臭氧(O₃)污染的时空变化产生影响。为厘清这种排放的空间异质性特征及其对O₃污染分布的影响,分别选取可以代表清远市典型工业园区和城市建成区的站点开展观测研究。结果表明:工业园区和城市建成区VOCs浓度水平和污染特征有较大的空间差异,其中代表村镇工业园区的龙塘站VOCs日均浓度为30.42×10^-9,高于代表城市建成区的技师学院站(17.32×10^-9)。龙塘站二甲苯和甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)比技师学院站高57.6×10^-9,且该值相当于技师学院站排名前10位物种OFP的总和。气象分析表明:2个站点之间并非彼此的上、下风向,而是共同受到局地气团的影响。源解析结果表明:源排放是造成这种空间异质性的内因,其中交通源对技师学院的贡献更高,而工业相关排放源对龙塘的贡献更高。该研究进一步比较了周边站点O₃时间序列的一致性,并模拟2个站点的O₃生成速率。研究发现O₃在局地范围内变化较小,高VOCs排放的地点对局地O₃有较高的贡献,局地内不同地点的O₃生成过程也存在较大差异。据此,笔者提出O₃污染防控建议:短期内可通过技术手段和观测数据发现O₃污染的重要贡献点,并进行针对性的"散乱污"清理整治和涉VOCs行业综合整治,长期看应科学合理规划城市发展布局和产业布局,预留城市通风廊道,以有效减少O₃污染。     

烟气净化双流体喷嘴雾化特性实验

在烟气净化装置喷雾干燥塔内,进行双流体喷嘴喷雾特性试验,实验研究了影响喷雾粒度、角度以及液滴均匀度的主要因素。实验证明,气液质量比、浆液密度为影响双流体喷嘴雾化特性的重要因素。通过改变运行参数,可以得到合适的液滴粒径以及喷雾角度,该喷嘴用于喷雾干燥烟气中酸性气体的净化,可提高净化效率。     

Metabolites change of Scenedesmus obliquus exerted by AgNPs

With increasing emission of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the environment, it is important to understand the effects of ambient concentration of AgNPs. The biological effects of AgNPs on Scenedesmus obliquus, a ubiquitous freshwater microalgae, was evaluated. AgNPs exerted a minor inhibitory effect at low doses. Non-targeted metabolomic studies were conducted to understand and analyze the effect of AgNPs on algal cells from a molecular perspective. During the 48?hr of exposure to AgNPs, 30 metabolites were identified, of which nine had significant changes compared to the control group. These include d-galactose, sucrose, and d-fructose. These carbohydrates are involved in the synthesis and repair of cell walls. Glycine, an important constituent amino acid of glutathione, increased with AgNP exposure concentration increasing, likely to counteract an increased intracellular oxidative stress. These results provide a new understanding of the toxicity effects and mechanism of AgNPs. These metabolites could be useful biomarkers for future research, employed in the early detection of environmental risk from AgNPs.