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排序方式: 共有235条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
221.
Rochelle Constantine Debbie Steel Judy Allen Megan Anderson Olive Andrews C. Scott Baker Peta Beeman Daniel Burns Jean-Benoît Charrassin Simon Childerhouse Michael Double Paul Ensor Trish Franklin Wally Franklin Nick Gales Claire Garrigue Nadine Gibbs Peter Harrison Nan Hauser Amanda Hutsel Curt Jenner Micheline-Nicole Jenner Greg Kaufman Anne Macie David Mattila Carlos Olavarría Adrian Oosterman David Paton Michael Poole Jooke Robbins Natalie Schmitt Peter Stevick Alden Tagarino Kirsten Thompson Juney Ward 《Marine Biology》2014,161(5):1087-1093
Understanding the dynamics of population recovery is particularly complex when an organism has multiple, remote breeding and feeding grounds separated by one of the longest known migration routes. This study reports on the most comprehensive assessment of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) movements between remote Antarctic waters south of New Zealand and east Australia (EA), and the migratory corridors and breeding grounds of Australia and Oceania. A total of 112 individual whales were identified; 57 from microsatellites and 61 by fluke with 23 % (n = 26) matched to sites outside Antarctica. Despite large datasets from other southern regions being included in the comparison, the whales were predominantly linked to EA (n = 24). Only two matches to the Oceania catalogues directly north was surprising; therefore the primary feeding grounds of these endangered whales still remain unknown. The confirmation of the Balleny Islands as an important feeding ground for EA whales could provide an insight into reasons behind the rapid recovery of this population. Determining the feeding grounds of Oceania’s whales may explain whether prey energetics or migration length are limiting factors to their recovery and will allow an understanding of future ecosystem changes in these whales. 相似文献
222.
Lyndon Alexander Jordan James Edward Herbert-Read Ashley J. W. Ward 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(3):449-455
When the costs of parental care do not scale with the number of offspring being cared for, inclusion of non-descendant young into broods can be advantageous, leading to systems of alloparental care. However, if the cost of care scales with the number of offspring, selection may act against misdirected parental care. The spiny chromis, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, is a marine fish with extended biparental care, and broods that increase in size over the care period strongly suggest that alloparental care occurs in this species. However, A. polyacanthus parents directly provision their offspring by producing ectodermal mucus for their fry to feed on. The costs of such provisioning may scale with brood size, potentially increasing the costs of parental care. Using wild A. polyacanthus pairs, we tested whether foreign offspring are accepted into established broods, and measured how brood defence effort and mucal feeding scale with brood size. We found that A. polyacanthus discriminate between their own and foreign young, vigorously expelling experimentally introduced foreign offspring. Although defensive effort did not scale with brood size, mucal feeding was strongly dependent on brood size, and this increasing cost of care likely acts as the primary selective force on parental discrimination and rejection of foreign fry in A. polyacanthus. 相似文献
223.
Jolyon J. Faria John R. G. Dyer Romain O. Clément Iain D. Couzin Natalie Holt Ashley J. W. Ward Dean Waters Jens Krause 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1211-1218
Collective animal behaviour has attracted much attention recently, but cause-and-effect within interaction sequences has often
been difficult to establish. To tackle this problem, we constructed a robotic fish (‘Robofish’) with which three-spined sticklebacks
(Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) interact. Robofish is a computer-controlled replica stickleback that can be programmed to move around a tank. First,
we demonstrated the functioning of the method: that the sticklebacks interacted with Robofish. We examined two types of interaction:
recruitment and leadership. We found that Robofish could recruit a single fish from a refuge and could initiate a turn in
singletons and in groups of ten, i.e. act as a leader. We also showed that the influence of Robofish diminished after the
first 30 min that fish spent in a new environment. Second, using this method, we investigated the effects of metric and topological
inter-individual distance on the influence that Robofish had on the orientation of fish in a shoal of ten. We found that inter-individual
interactions during this turn were predominantly mediated by topological, rather than metric, distance. Finally, we discussed
the potential of this novel method and the importance of our findings for the study of collective animal behaviour. 相似文献
224.
James E. Herbert-Read Deluxmi Logendran Ashley J. W. Ward 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(7):1107-1115
Group fission and fusion processes are driven by state dependence, risk and the availability of information from others. Yet
the availability of information changes under different environmental conditions, thus aiding or inhibiting group formation
and maintenance. Chemical cues provide information on the location of individuals and can act as a mechanism for individuals
to group together, although they can be greatly affected by environmental conditions. Using a flow channel, we studied how
one shoaling fish species, the Pacific blue-eye (Pseudomugil signifer), responds to conspecific chemical cues (CCCs) in different environmental conditions (salinities). This species lives in estuarine
environments, ranging in salinity from fresh to fully marine. P. signifer responded to CCCs in freshwater but not in saltwater. Furthermore, P. signifer did not respond to saltwater with CCCs added from freshwater. It took significantly longer for fish in saltwater, than in
freshwater, to locate and join a shoal when only CCCs from the shoal were present. Finally, fish formed more cohesive shoals
in freshwater than in brackish or saltwater. These results suggest that these fish do not rely on chemical cues in saltwater
to locate conspecific shoals. Furthermore, the reduced amounts of these cues in saltwater may inhibit the maintenance of tight
shoal structures. We suggest that fish utilise different sensory modalities in fresh or saltwater in order to locate one another,
or the social structure of these groups is fundamentally different between these two water types. The importance of this study
in relation to understanding how animals utilise and change different sensory modalities in varying environmental conditions
is discussed. 相似文献
225.
A small study was undertaken to examine the microbiological characteristics of spent mushroom compost (SMC), which is the major waste by-product of the mushroom industry and which is regularly disposed off by application to agricultural land. The primary aim of this study was to examine SMC for the presence of faecal bacterial pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Secondly it was desirable to quantify bacterial and fungal populations within SMC, and also qualitatively identify the diversity of bacterial populations within SMC, through employment of rDNA PCR and direct sequencing techniques on the culturable microflora. Conventional microbiological analyses of SMC material (n=30) from six commercial operations in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, failed to detect Salmonella spp, Listeria spp. or Campylobacter spp. in any of the SMC material examined. Total aerobic plate counts gave a mean count of log10 7.01 colony forming units (cfu) per gram SMC material (range: log10 6.53-7.52 cfu/g). Fungal counts gave a mean count of log(10) 4.57 cfu per gram SMC material (range: log10 3.93-4.98 cfu/g). From a total of greater than 50 colony picks, a total of 12 bacterial morphotypes were identified and were further examined by employment of partial 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing techniques, yielding several genera and species, including Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella/Enterobacter sp. Microbacterium sp. Paenibacillus lentimorbus, Pseudomonas mevalonii, Sphingobacterium multivorum and Stenotrophomonas sp. This is the first preliminary report on the microbial diversity of SMC waste and demonstrates the presence of several species that have not been previously described in SMC, in addition to two potentially novel species within the genera Microbacterium and Stenotrophomonas. It is thereby important to examine the ecological microbe-microbe and plant-microbe interactions that are occurring between the native bacterial soil flora and those added annually (theoretically estimated at approximately 10(18) cells) through the application of SMC. Such studies would be beneficial in helping to ascertain the ecological consequences involved in the disposal of SMC waste on agricultural land. 相似文献
226.
PROBLEM: The prevalence of automobile drivers talking on cell phones is growing, but the effect of that behavior on driving performance is unclear. Also unclear is the relationship between the difficulty level of a phone conversation and the resulting distraction. METHOD: This study used a driving simulator to determine the effect that easy and difficult cell phone conversations have on driving performance. RESULTS: Cell phone use caused participants to have higher variation in accelerator pedal position, drive more slowly with more variation in speed, and report a higher level of workload regardless of conversation difficulty level. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers may cope with the additional stress of phone conversations by enduring higher workloads or setting reduced performance goals. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Because an increasing number of people talk on the phone while driving, crashes caused by distracted drivers using cell phones will cause disruptions in business, as well as injury, disability, and permanent loss of personnel. 相似文献
227.
The Reproductive Health Response in Conflict (RHRC) Consortium designed a standardised questionnaire to measure gender-based violence (GBV) prevalence in conflict-affected settings. A preliminary field test was undertaken July-August 2002 in one urban and one rural district in East Timor to assess the prevalence of GBV among women 18-49 years of age during and after conflict. The field test used a cross-sectional survey design with a two-stage random selection process. During the year preceding East Timor's 1999 crisis, 23.8 per cent of respondents reported physical assault by an intimate partner; this rate was not significantly different in the year preceding the survey (24.8 per cent). Assault by perpetrators outside the family declined significantly from 24.2 per cent during the crisis to 5.8 per cent post-crisis for physical assault (p<.001) and 22.7 per cent during the crisis to 9.7 per cent post-crisis for sexual assault (p=0.046). The field test stimulated and informed additional research in East Timor, and the complementary findings of these research initiatives continue to be used to develop local policies and programming to prevent and address GBV. 相似文献
228.
229.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of chromosome-specific probes to interphase nuclei can rapidly identify aneuploidies in uncultured amniotic fluid cells. Using DNA probe sets specific for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y, we have identified 14 fetuses where the hybridization pattern was consistent with a triploid chromosome constitution. In each case, the identification of fetal abnormalities by ultrasound examination initiated a request for rapid determination of ploidy status via prenatal FISH analysis of uncultured amniocytes. FISH produced a three-signal pattern for the three autosomes in combination with signals indicating an XXX or XXY sex chromosome complement. This hybridization pattern was interpreted to be consistent with triploidy. Results were reported to the physician within 2 days of amniocentesis and subsequently confirmed by cytogenetics. These cases demonstrate the utility of FISH for rapid prenatal identification of triploidy, particularly when fetal abnormalities are seen with ultrasonographic examination. 相似文献
230.
A. R. Ward 《Marine Biology》1975,30(3):217-225
Previous work has shown that the composition and diversity of nematode populations in Liverpool Bay (UK) are correlated with sediment granulometry, and possible reasons for this relationship are now discussed. Sediment granulometry and nematode size appear not to be directly related, but the range of nematode lengths is greater in the more heterogeneous sediments. Median particle diameter, sorting efficiency and silt/clay content are all considered to affect sediment uniformity, and an index including all three factors correlated significantly with both size diversity and species diversity. Study of the distribution of the various feeding types revealed that the relative and absolute abundances of epistratum feeders and non-selective deposit feeders correlated significantly with the sediment silt/clay content. It is concluded that sediment granulometry influences nematode distribution both directly in determining the size range of the populations (and hence, to some extent, the species diversity) and indirectly in determining, to a great extent, the type of food available. In addition, it was noted that nematodes with very ornate cuticular ornamentation tended to be associated with coarser, silt-free sediments, and it is suggested that this may be correlated both with their mode of locomotion and with the need for mechanical protection in unstable substrata. 相似文献