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11.
Hung-Lung Chiang Ching-Guan Choa Shih-Yu Chen Mu-Chuan Tsai 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):1042-1051
Abstract Biosludge was obtained from a petrochemical industry’s biological wastewater treatment plant. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) was used as a sludge activation agent during the pyrolytic process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image photographs, element composition, surface functional group, and pore structure were analyzed for the sludge adsorbent characteristics. Results indicated the proper ZnCl2-immersed concentration, pyrolytic temperature, and time could produce adsorbent from the bio-sludge. The optimal conditions for a larger surface area adsorbent were 3 M ZnCl2-immersed sludge pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 30 min and washed with 3 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution and distilled water. The predominant pore size of the sludge adsorbent was the mesopore. 相似文献
12.
Minliang Shih Wen-Jhy Lee Cheng-Hsien Tsai Perng-Jy Tsai Chuh-Yung Chen 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1274-1280
Abstract Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)-contained gas is a common pollutant emitted during the etching process used in the semiconductor industry. This study demonstrated the application of radio-frequency (RF) plasma in the decomposition of SF6. The decomposition fraction of SF6 [ηSF6 (Cin–Cout)/Cin x 100%] and the mole fraction profile of the products were investigated as functions of input power and feed O2/SF6 ratio in an SiO2 reactor. The species detected in both SF6/Ar and SF6/O2/Ar RF plasmas were SiF4, SO2, F2, SO2F2, SOF2, SOF4, S2F10, S2OF10, S2O2F10, and SF4. The results revealed that at 40 W, ηSF6 exceeded 99%, and the reaction products were almost all converted into stable compounds such as SiF4, SO2, and F2 with or without the addition of oxygen. Sulfur oxyfluorides such as SO2F2, SOF2, SOF4, S2OF10, and S2O2F10 were produced only below 40 W. The results of this work can be used to design a plasma/chemical system for online use in a series of a manufacturing process to treat SF6-containing exhaust gases. 相似文献
13.
Chuen-Jinn Tsai Kai-Chung Cheng Shankar G. Aggarwal Tung-Sheng Shih I.-Fu Hung 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1265-1272
Abstract A new triple filter system sampler/model is proposed for the precise and accurate simultaneous sampling and determination of gas- and aerosol-phase 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The system consists of two front Teflon filters for sampling aerosol-phase TDI and a final coated glass fiber filter to collect gas-phase TDI. The aerosol-phase TDI is collected on the first Teflon filter, while the second Teflon filter is used to estimate gaseous TDI adsorbed by the first. According to the gas adsorption test of two Teflon filters in series, the TDI gas adsorption fraction of the two filters is almost the same. Results of the evaporation test using pure TDI aerosols collected on the Teflon filter show that significant evaporation of the compound does not occur during sampling. These two findings allow the use of a model to estimate accurate gasand aerosol-phase TDI concentrations. The comparison test with an annular denuder shows that the triple filter system can minimize the TDI sampling bias between the dual filter and the annular denuder systems. 相似文献
14.
HungMin Chein Tzu Ming Chen Shankar Gopala Aggarwal Chuen-Jinn Tsai Chun-Chao Huang 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):218-228
Abstract A huge amount of inorganic acids can be produced and emitted with waste gases from integrated circuit manufacturing processes such as cleaning and etching. Emission of inorganic acids from selected semiconductor factories was measured in this study. The sampling of the inorganic acids was based on the porous metal denuders, and samples were then analyzed by ion chromatography. The amount of chemical usage was adopted from the data that were reported to the Environmental Protection Bureau in Hsin-chu County according to the Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency regulation. The emission factor is defined as the emission rate (kg/month) divided by the amount of chemical usage (L/month). Emission factors of three inorganic acids (i.e., hydrofluoric acid [HF], hydrochloric acid [HQ], and sulfuric acid [H2SO4]) were estimated by the same method. The emission factors of HF and HCl were determined to be 0.0075 kg/L (coefficient of variation [CV] = 60.7%, n = 80) and 0.0096 kg/L (CV = 68.2%, n = 91), respectively. Linear regression equations are proposed to fit the data with correlation coefficient square (R2) = 0.82 and 0.9, respectively. The emission factor of H2SO4, which is in the droplet form, was determined to be 0.0016 kg/L (CV = 99.2%, n = 107), and its R2 was 0.84. The emission profiles of gaseous inorganic acids show that HF is the dominant chemical in most of the fabricators. 相似文献
15.
Wei-Chung Liu Ji-Liang Doong Sing-Ling Tsai Ching-Huei Lai Ming-Chang JengAuthor vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,(6):461-468
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated methodology that links occupant injury risk functions, estimated in the laboratory, with real world medical treatment costs by using the abbreviated injury score (AIS). Using our model, the expected medical treatment costs for crash injuries to various body regions and of different severities can be investigated.Methods
First, the simulation results are compared with NHTSA crash data. We used a modified kinematics simulation model that incorporates an F = Eb function as a supplement to the previous Steffan's model to obtain a more accurate acceleration history a(t). Second, head injury criteria HIC36 can be calculated from a(t), and we use the injury probability P as a function of HIC36, as proposed by Kuppa, to obtain the injury risk function for various AIS values. Third, medical treatment cost models for various AIS values can be calculated by using a regression cost model with real world data. Finally, the injury risk function and medical treatment cost models are linked through AIS values. We establish an integrated methodology and predict medical costs and car safety data using real world police reports, medical treatment costs, and laboratory simulation results.Results
Using head injuries in frontal crashes as an example, we focus on simulation parameters for different vehicle models, with and without airbags. We specifically examine impact closing speed, Delta-V, and impact directions.Conclusion
Simulation results can be used to supplement insufficient real crash data, in particular ΔV, and injury risk results from police crash reports.Impact on industry
The proposed integrated methodology may provide the vehicle industry with a new safety assessment method. Real crash data coupling provides consumers with more realistic and applicable information. 相似文献16.
Textural and chemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use as a soil amendment 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Biochars have received increasing attention in recent years because of their properties pertaining to soil fertility and contaminant immobilization as well as serving as carbon sinks. In this work, a series of biochars were produced from dried swine manure waste by slow pyrolysis at different temperatures (i.e., 673-1073 K). The characterization of the resulting biochars was examined for its relevance to its potential use as soil amendment. It was found that the pore properties, ash contents and pH values of all swine-manure-derived biochars basically increased as temperature increased, while the yield and nitrogen/oxygen contents decreased with increasing temperature as a result of pyrolytic volatilization during pyrolysis. From the organic and inorganic elements analyses, the manure-derived biochar was rich in soil nutrients such as N, P, Ca, Mg, and K. Furthermore, the pore, surface and chemical properties were also consistent with the observations of the SEM-EDS, XRD and FTIR. This result suggested that the mesoporous manure-derived biochar could be used as an excellent medium to soil environment. 相似文献
17.
Yuan CS Wang G Xue SH Ie IR Jen YH Tsai HH Chen WJ 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2012,62(7):799-809
A number of activated carbons derived from waste tires were further impregnated by gaseous elemental sulfur at temperatures of 400 and 650 degrees C, with a carbon and sulfur mass ratio of 1:3. The capabilities of sulfur diffusing into the micropores of the activated carbons were significantly different between 400 and 650 degrees C, resulting in obvious dissimilarities in the sulfur content of the activated carbons. The sulfur-impregnated activated carbons were examined for the adsorptive capacity of gas-phase mercuric chloride (HgC1) by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analytical precision of TGA was up to 10(-6) g at the inlet HgCl2 concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 microg/m3, for an adsorption time of 3 hr and an adsorption temperature of 150 degrees C, simulating the flue gas emitted from municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators. Experimental results showed that sulfur modification can slightly reduce the specific surface area of activated carbons. High-surface-area activated carbons after sulfur modification had abundant mesopores and micropores, whereas low-surface-area activated carbons had abundant macropores and mesopores. Sulfur molecules were evenly distributed on the surface of the inner pores after sulfur modification, and the sulfur content of the activated carbons increased from 2-2.5% to 5-11%. After sulfur modification, the adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 for high-surface-area sulfurized activated carbons reached 1.557 mg/g (22 times higher than the virgin activated carbons). The injection of activated carbons was followed by fabric filtration, which is commonly used to remove HgCl2 from MSW incinerators. The residence time of activated carbons collected in the fabric filter is commonly about 1 hr, but the time required to achieve equilibrium is less than 10 min. Consequently, it is worthwhile to compare the adsorption rates of HgCl2 in the time intervals of < 10 and 10-60 min. 相似文献
18.
Size mass distribution of water-soluble ionic species and gas conversion to sulfate and nitrate in particulate matter in southern Taiwan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jiun-Horng Tsai Li-Peng Chang Hung-Lung Chiang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4587-4602
A Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI were employed to determine the size-segregated mass distributions of ambient particulate matter (PM) and water-soluble ionic species for particulate constituents. In addition, gas precursors, including HCl, HONO, HNO3, SO2, and NH3 gases, were analyzed by an annular denuder system. PM size mass distribution, mass concentration, and ionic species concentration were measured during the day and at night during episode and non-episode periods in winter and summer. Average total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations during episode days in winter were as high as 153?±?33 μg/m3, and PM mass concentrations in summer were as low as one-third of that in winter. Generally, PM concentration at night was higher than that in the daytime in southern Taiwan during the sampling periods. In winter during the episode periods, the size-segregated mass distribution of PM mass concentration was mostly in the 0.32–3.2-μm range, and the PM concentration increased significantly in the range of 0.32–3.2 μm at night. Ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate were the dominant water-soluble ionic species in PM, contributing 34–48 % of TSP mass. High concentrations of ammonia (12.9–49 μg/m3) and SO2 (2.6–27 μg/m3) were observed in the gas precursors. The conversion ratio was high in the PM size range of 0.18–3.2 μm both during the day and at night in winter, and the conversion ratio of episode days was 20 % higher than that of non-episode days. The conversion factor was high for both nitrogen and sulfur species at nighttime, especially on episode days. 相似文献
19.
Hung-Hui Chen Liang-Cheng Chang Hsin-Yu Shan Jui-Pin Tsai 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(6):715-728
The hysteresis of capillary pressure versus saturation (P–S) relation is an important constitutive relation in multiphase flow, since the P–S relation is widely used to predict P–S relations in the simulation of the non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). This work examined the performance of the scaling rule
on predicting the P–S relationship and then studied the joint impact of the scaling and hysteresis on the multiphase NAPL flow simulation. Various
experimental P–S values of distinct fluid pairs were compared with the scaled P–S curves using the scaling rule. The comparison indicated that the prediction of P–S is more accurate when the water–air P–S curve is used to scale other P–S curves. The joint impact of the scaling and hysteresis on the NAPLs flow simulation was then investigated by numerical simulation
studies. The NAPL simulator was used to simulate the outcome of several scenarios based on a system with water–NAPL–air in
a hypothetical sand tank. For both gasoline and trichloroethylene, the difference of the injected NAPL volume between no hysteretic
and hysteretic simulations over a given time period was the smallest when the water–air P–S curve was used to scale other P–S curves. Simulation results of this study are valuable references for predicting the distribution of NAPLs. 相似文献
20.
Hourly concentrations of ozone (O(3)), 55 volatile organic compounds (VOCs, ozone precursors) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured at an upwind urban site, a downwind suburban site, and a rural site in central Taiwan, from January 2003 to December 2006. VOC and NOx mean concentrations showed a gradient from high to low across the urban (56 ppb and 34 ppb), suburban (38 ppb and 27 ppb) and rural sites (25 ppb and 21 ppb) but a reverse gradient in ozone across these sites (24, 27, and 29 ppb, respectively). Although there was about twice the difference in VOC concentrations between the urban and rural sites, nearly 65% ozone formation potential was contributed to by the same 9 VOCs. Seasonal patterns showed peak ozone levels in autumn and minima in summer at the urban site, but minima in winter at the downwind suburban and rural sites. Ozone precursor levels, on the other hand, were lowest in summer and highest in winter. The diurnal pattern showed that ozone levels peaked one hour later at the rural site than at the urban site. The ethylbenzene to m,p-xylene ratio, an indicator of the age of the air mass, increased from 0.4 at the urban site to 0.6 at the suburban site and 0.8 at the rural site during daily peak ozone times. This finding suggests the transport of ozone and precursors from upwind to downwind producing elevated ozone levels in the suburban and rural areas. Ozone episodes occurred mostly in days with a mean midday UV index of 6.5 (1 UV index=100 J m(-2)) and wind speed at 1.3 m s(-1) at all three sites. 相似文献