玉米秸秆生物炭对稻田土壤砷、镉形态的影响

通过室内土壤培养的方法模拟稻田土壤环境,研究淹水环境下添加(1%添加量)不同温度制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(CB-300、CB-400、CB-500)对砷、镉复合污染稻田土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH值及不同形态砷、镉含量动态变化的影响.结果表明,热解温度会影响玉米秸秆生物炭的理化性质,热解温度由300℃升至500℃,玉米秸秆生物炭芳香性增加,亲水性和极性降低,灰分含量增加,pH值升高.淹水环境下添加玉米秸秆生物炭处理相比对照(CK)可提高土壤pH值0.20~1.24,升高幅度大小为CB-500CB-400CB-300CK,随着培养时间的延长,pH值趋于平衡状态;淹水环境下土壤氧化还原电位均迅速下降,且不同处理组间存在显著差异,生物炭制备温度越高下降效果越明显,培养至第96 d时氧化还原电位降到最低.CK、CB-300、CB-400、CB-500处理组弱酸可提取态镉含量由淹水前的73.55%分别降至63.46%、57.73%、54.50%、53.94%,随着培养时间的延长,土壤中弱酸可提取态及可氧化态镉逐渐向残渣态及可还原态镉转化.土壤pH值与弱酸可提取态镉含量之间呈显著负相关关系.淹水环境下土壤可交换态砷含量升高,玉米秸秆生物炭的施加导致土壤交换态、Ca-结合态、Al-结合态和Fe-结合态砷含量逐渐上升,上升幅度分别为75.68%、20.92%、13.49%、48.66%,残渣态砷含量下降;土壤pH值与交换态砷含量之间呈显著正相关关系.研究结果可为砷、镉复合污染稻田安全生产与阻控提供数据支持.     

Analyzing and quantitatively evaluating the organic matter source at different ecologic zones of tidal salt marsh, North Jiangsu Province, China

In order to explore the effect of different ecological zones and their above plants in the organic matter cycling of the whole tidal salt marsh, indicators such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of surface, core sediments, and plants of tidal salt marshes in North Jiangsu Province are analyzed. Subsequently, distribution regularities of these measurement indicators are discussed, and the biogeochemistry processes between sediments and plants are also analyzed. Lastly, the organic matter sources of different ecologic zones in tidal salt marsh are evaluated, and the organic matter accumulations in different ecologic zones induced by their plants are also compared. These results indicate that TOC, TN, C/N ratio and δ¹³C showed obvious zonal distribution. The organic matter sources are dominated by marine input in the silt flat, artemisia schrenkiana flat, and the transition zone between silt and spartina alterniflora flat, and are controlled by terrigenous input in spartina alterniflora flat. Spartina alterniflora plays an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem. In the study area, the annually increased TOC, organic matter and TN in the spartina alterniflora, artemisia schrenkiana and reed flats reach 6,451, 12,043 and 536 t, respectively. The amount of TOC, organic matter and TN accumulated in the spartina alterniflora flat is more than that in other ecological zones, which shows that the spartina alterniflora flat exert a non-replaceable effect on the material cycle and exchange in the whole tidal salt marshes ecosystem.     

考虑前2阶模态组合的拉索非线性参数共振研究

针对水平拉索的非线性参数共振问题,首先将桥面简化为集中质量块,建立拉索在桥面谐波位移激励下的非线性微分方程,并考虑拉索前2阶模态组合的影响,进而推导索-桥耦合的无量纲非线性运动方程组,最后以实际斜拉桥工程的拉索为例,对拉索发生参数共振的响应进行数值模拟分析。研究表明:当桥面质量块无量纲固有频率Ω3与拉索1阶无量纲固有频率Ω1M之比为2∶1时,拉索的前2阶模态位移和质量块均出现"拍"振现象,且以第1阶模态为主振动模态;而当桥面质量块无量纲固有频率Ω3与拉索2阶无量纲固有频率Ω2M之比为2∶1时,仅有第2阶模态位移和质量块出现"拍"振现象,拉索以第2阶模态为主模态振动,此时第1阶模态位移未出现"拍"振现象;考虑前2阶模态组合时,当质量块的激励频率与系统的固有频率满足参数共振频比关系2∶1时,系统将发生大幅"拍"振现象,且第1阶主模态的位移响应要远大于第2阶主模态的位移响应。     

土地利用动态变化对地表径流的影响——以上海浦东新区为例

结合基于遥感数据获得的土地利用结果与SCS模型,在GIS环境下模拟了上海浦东新区不同阶段的土地利用/覆被变化对地表径流的影响.结果表明:土地利用结构与格局的变化使地表径流深度趋于增大;同时,在浦东新区城市化的不同时期,由土地利用/覆被变化引起的地表平均径流深度变化也不相同.     

含泥沙水样总磷测定方法的研究

对含泥沙水样消解后不用滤膜过滤而改为直接定容于 5 0mL比色管中 ,经钼酸盐、抗坏血酸试剂显色后离心 ,取清液测定。经对比实验表明 ,该法灵敏度、精确度、准确度均满足环境监测技术规范要求 ,有效消除了泥沙对TP测定的影响     

新技术革命与江苏淡水水体资源的综合开发战略

近几年来,海洋农牧化浪潮日渐崛起,淡水强化渔业与水体农业试验正积极推行。如同我们的祖先当初从天然采捕业逐步转向种养业一样,人类对水域的开发已进入定向利用时代。所不同的是,随着现代科学技术的进步,将促使这一进程迅猛异常。 江苏淡水资源达2,600×10⁴亩,相当于省内耕地面积的1/3,居全国首位。若能充分开发,对实现工农业产值翻两番必有重大影响。因此,必须充分重视和研究我省淡水水面资源的总体开发战略。     

吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的研究

本文提出了吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的新工艺。研究了粘土作为吸附剂在此工艺中对矿物油、COD、浊度和色度的去除效果;比较了膨润土、活性炭、煤泥、高岭土等的处理效果。对处理水中悬浮物的沉降性能以及粘土吸附剂的再生等作了初步探讨。在推荐的流程下,可使出水中矿物油<2ppm、COD<100ppm SS<1ppm。     

Performance of a constructed wetland-pond system for treatment and reuse of wastewater from campus buildings.

A constructed wetland-pond system consisting of two free-water-surface-flow (FWS) wetland cells, a scenic pond, and a slag filter in series was used for reclamation of septic tank effluent from a campus building. The results show that FWS wetlands effectively removed major pollutants under a hydraulic loading rate between 2.1 and 4.2 cm/d, with average efficiencies ranging from 74 to 78% for total suspended solids, 73 to 88% for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, 42 to 49% for total nitrogen, 34 to 70% for total phosphorous, 64 to 79% for total coliforms, and 90 to 99.9% for Escherichia coli. After passing through the scenic pond and slag filter, the reclaimed water was used for landscape irrigation. There were a variety of ornamental plants and aquatic animals established in the second FWS cell and scenic pond with good water quality, thus enhancing landscape and ecology amenity in campuses.     

Petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Xiamen Harbour and Yuan Dan Lake, China

Surficial sediments were sampled from nine stations in Xiamen Harbour and two stations in Yuan Dan Lake during April 2002. Sediment samples were extracted by organic solvents, separated by silica gel column chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector (GC-MSD). Selected ion monitoring was at M/Z=57 for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) and individual M/Zs for each of the 15 typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nine alkylated PAHs. The results showed that concentrations of PHCs and total PAHs in the sediments of Yuan Dan Lake were 1397 microg g(-1) (dry weight, dw) and 1377 ng g(-1) (dw), respectively. The ranges for PHCs and total PAHs in the sediments from Xiamen Harbour were 133-943 microg g(-1) (dw) and 98-309 ng g(-1) (dw), respectively. Shipping activities, industrial wastewater discharges, fuel oil spillage from ships and vehicles were the main sources of PHCs and PAHs in the Harbour. In addition, the widespread use of coal for industrial processes and domestic consumption accounted for the second largest source of PAHs in the sediments, while atmospheric transport and deposition of PAHs are also important.     

空气微生物研究方法进展与展望

着重论述了空气微生物气溶胶的研究方法，主要有培养基法和非培养基法。培养基法是传统的微生物研究方法，需要花费大量的时间和劳动力，只能够检测活的能够在培养基上生长的微生物，可以大致反映空气中的微生物气溶胶。非培养基法，主要是PCR法，具有敏感性高、快速、特异性强等特点，能够检测出环境样品中绝大多数的微生物，是一种微生物气溶胶检测的有效途径。最后指出实时持续的监测是将来空气微生物研究的努力方向和发展趋势。