电焊烟尘的危害及其防护效果

本文介绍了电焊烟尘对人体某些系统的危害和可能的原因,对现阶段烟尘的防治状况进行了讨论,并介绍了常用和正在开发的除尘方法,以及它们的实施效果。在此基础上进行总结,得出目前除烟尘的技术手段不能使其完全达标。在此现实情况下,提出防治烟尘和个体防护工作的几点建议。     

增强服务意识,创新管理模式,提升PPE信息化管理水平——PPE信息管理系统介绍

本文概括介绍了PPE信息管理系统。该系统是根据国标委和国家安监总局的信息化建设总要求,结合全国个体防护装备(PPE)标委会实际研发的,包括PPE标准化工作管理、标准全程控制、PPE辅助决策3个子系统。该系统打造了PPE标委会的信息化管理平台,满足了标准化工作对信息化管理的需要,提高了信息化管理水平。利用这个平台,标委会能够实现技术培训、信息发布、标准查询、辅助决策等功能,从而全面提升本领域标准化管理水平,促进本行业发展。     

煤矿火灾爆炸外因火源来源及预防方法研究

对我国1950～2009年煤矿特别重大火灾、爆炸事故进行统计分析,找到引起事故的火源分布规律。结果表明,88.1%的事故由外因火源引起;引起事故的外因火源来源按发生频率大小主要有：违章放炮、仪器设备失爆、摩擦撞击、带电作业、电缆短路、拆卸设备、电缆接头漏电、明火明电、吸烟;其中,68%的外因火源来源于工人的违章行为,32%的外因火源来源于电气设备原因。在对近年外因点火源特征分析的基础上,笔者针对工人违章行为及电气设备原因提出预防措施：完善安全结构工资;逐步建立工人违章联锁制度,又称＂安全伙伴＂;对一线工人普及电气安全知识,并将可能存在明显电气安全隐患的部分分配给普通工人负责。     

Bibliometric analysis of simulated driving research from 1997 to 2016

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the evolution footprints of simulated driving research in the past 20 years through rigorous and systematic bibliometric analysis, to provide insights regarding when and where the research was performed and by whom and how the mainstream content evolved over the years.

Methods: The analysis began with data retrieval in Web of Science with defined search terms related to simulated driving. BibExcel and CiteSpace were employed to conduct the performance analysis and co-citation network analysis; that is, probe of the performance of institutes, journals, authors, and research hotspots.

Results: A total of 3,766 documents were filtered out and presented an exponential growth from 1997 to 2016. The United States contributed the most publications as well as international collaborations followed by Germany and China. In addition, several universities in The Netherlands and the United States dominated the list of contributing institutes. The leading journals were in transportation and ergonomics. The leading researchers were also recognized among the 8,721 contributing authors, such as J. D. Lee, D. L. Fisher, J. H. Kim, and K. A. Brookhuis. Finally, the co-citation analysis illuminated the evolution of simulated driving research that covered the following topics roughly in chronological order: task-induced stress, drivers with neurological disorders, alertness and sleepiness while driving, trust toward driving assistance systems, driver distraction, the effect of drug use, the validity of simulators, and automated driving.

Conclusions: This article employed bibliometric tools to probe the contributing countries, institutes, journals, authors, and mainstream hotspots of simulated driving research in the past 20 years. A systematic bibliometric analysis of this field will help researchers realize the panorama of global simulated driving and establish future research directions.     

煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用:模型·实证

为研究煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用,基于系统动力学原理构建一般情况下煤炭开采对生态系统功能胁迫作用的系统动力学模型,分析不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征,并以淮河流域典型煤炭资源型城市——淮南市为例进行实证研究. 结果表明:煤炭开采对生态系统功能有胁迫作用,政府是重要影响因素;不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用不同,表现为情境一(理想状态)<情境二(良性状态)<情境三(一般状态)<情境四(停滞状态)<情境五(糟糕状态);生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值越大,则煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用越小. 实证结果通过有效性检验,表明该研究建立的系统动力学模型具有可靠性. 当前淮南市生态治理投资和煤炭开采技术投资的比值为0.511,表明淮南市生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于一般状态. 研究显示,政府在维持生态系统功能稳态中发挥着一定作用. 煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征:当生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值为0时,生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于糟糕状态;当比值为(0,1)时,处于一般状态;当比值为1时,处于良性状态;当比值大于1时,两大系统进入理想状态.      

大豆蛋白粉喷雾干燥塔尾气余热的回收与利用

针对大豆蛋白粉生产过程中喷雾干燥塔尾气温度较高,有回收利用价值的现实,也针对目前的节能需求,对现有的喷雾干燥塔的尾气排放部分进行改造,设计一个片状空气预热器,以利用高温的尾气与系统的进气做热交换,实现热量再利用,降耗和提高蛋白粉产率的目的,并对投资收益进行了分析。     

蚯蚓对重金属污染土壤中铅的富集研究

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,利用蚯蚓处理重金属污染土壤是一种新型的绿色生物技术。实验通过测定重金属污染土壤中不同铅浓度梯度下蚯蚓在培养期内对铅富集量的研究,结果表明：蚯蚓对铅有较强的富集作用,且随铅浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的富集量也增加;单住质量蚯蚓培养期内吸收铅量与铅浓度梯度表现出极显著性差异,说明蚯蚓可以作为检测重金属污染土壤中铅的重要生物指标,论证了在重金属污染土壤动物修复中引入蚯蚓的可行性。     

Cd对不同形态漆酶修复DDT污染土壤的影响

研究了重金属Cd对游离漆酶和同定化反胶团漆酶修复土壤有机氯农药DDT污染的影响.结果表明.游离漆酶对土壤中DDT各组分均有不同程度降解,且均随着cd浓度的增大而降低,含量越高的组分降解率越高.受到Cd污染的影响也越大(P,P'-DDT>P,P'-DDD>0.P'-DDT>P,P'-DDE);当Cd浓度分别为0、0.5、1和2 mg·kg-1时,游离漆酶对土壤中DDT总量的降解率分别为50.68%、32.50%、14.92%和13.40%.固定化反胶团漆酶比游离漆酶能更有效地降解DDT,DDT降解率在无Cd和有Cd存在时(Cd浓度为0.5 mg·kg-1)分别提高20%和30%左右.     

An integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice after real-world PM2.5 exposure

Fine particulatematter (PM2.5) is associated with increased risks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD),yet the toxicologicalmechanisms of PM2.5 promoting AD remain unclear. In this study,wildtype and APP/PS1 transgenic mice (AD mice) were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or PM2.5 for eight weeks with a real-world exposure system in Taiyuan, China (mean PM2.5 concentration in the cage was 61 μg/m3). We found that PM2.5 exposure could remarkably aggravate AD mice’s ethological and brain ultrastructural damage, along with the elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), Aβ-42 and AChE levels and the decline of ChAT levels in the brains. Based on high-throughput sequencing results, some differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and DE miRNAs in the brains of AD mice after PM2.5 exposure were screened.Using RT-qPCR, seven DEmiRNAs (mmu-miR-193b-5p, 122b-5p, 466h-3p, 10b-5p, 1895, 384–5p, and 6412) and six genes (Pcdhgb8, Unc13b, Robo3, Prph, Pter, and Tbata) were evidenced the and verified. Two miRNA-target gene pairs (miR-125b-Pcdhgb8 pair and miR-466h-3p-IL-17Rα/TGF-βR2/Aβ-42/AChE pairs) were demonstrated that they were more related to PM2.5-induced brain injury. Results of Gene Ontology (GO) pathways and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways predicted that synaptic and postsynaptic regulation, axon guidance, Wnt, MAPK, and mTOR pathways might be the possible regulatory mechanisms associated with pathological response. These revealed that PM2.5- elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and PM2.5-altered neurotransmitter levels in AD mice could be the important causes of brain damage and proposed the promising miRNA andmRNA biomarkers and potentialmiRNA-mRNA interaction networks of PM2.5-promoted AD.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域灌溉水资源保证程度及提升策略

从供需两方面,构建了区域灌溉水资源保证程度分析模型,利用该模型对玛纳斯河流域灌溉水资源保证程度进行了分析。结果表明,现状年玛纳斯河流域灌溉水资源保证程度为79.21%,各灌区存在较大的差异,下野地、莫索湾、金安、玛纳斯等灌区灌溉水资源保证程度较低,分别为69.09%、78.76%、78.25%、71.24%,明显处于亏缺状态,而石河子灌区达115.06%,处于相对盈余状态。在各灌区灌溉总面积维持现有数量以及保证灌区水资源安全的前提下,随着加大部分灌区(金安、玛纳斯和石河子灌区)地下水资源开发力度,大力发展高新节水技术以及调整种植结构,近期流域灌溉水资源保证程度总体可接近100%,但流域内除石河子灌区外,下野地、莫索湾、金安、玛纳斯等灌区灌溉水资源仍处于亏缺状态。2020年随着各种综合措施的进一步实施,全流域灌溉保证程度将增加至113.19%,各灌区将实现灌溉水资源供需平衡。最后,针对3类不同灌溉水资源保证程度地区的水资源利用状况,提出了差别化的提升策略。