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51.
This paper reports results from two studies that test a refinement of the equity sensitivity construct first in an experimental setting and second in a field setting. Results from Study 1 show that benevolents express tolerance for both overreward and underreward relative to entitleds and equity sensitives and that benevolents report relatively high levels of satisfaction regardless of reward condition. Study 1 results also show that manipulation of outcomes produce a more dramatic effect on satisfaction than does manipulation of inputs. Results from Study 2 reveal significantly different exchange ideologies for benevolents and entitleds and show that entitleds place more importance on pay whereas benevolents place more importance on the work itself. For both benevolents and entitleds, there is a positive correlation between assessments of distributive justice and job satisfaction. Implication of the findings both for equity theory research and the practice of management are discussed. 相似文献
52.
Replacement males in the western bluebird: opportunity for paternity, chick-feeding rules, and fitness consequences of male parental care 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), most pairs remain together for life and share equally in post-hatching parental care. We removed resident males of socially
monogamous pairs during laying and after clutch completion to examine chick-feeding rules used by replacement males and current
and future fitness consequences of paternal care. Replacement males were not infanticidal and 7 (47%) fed nestlings. Feeding
replacement males and the females they joined fed at rates similar to controls. Females without a feeding replacement male
compensated by feeding more themselves so that overall feeding rates were not compromised, but they reduced their brooding
time. Unlike assisted females, unassisted females exhibited reduced nesting success and their 14-day-old chicks weighed less
than controls. Field metabolic rates of unassisted females were 17% higher than those of control females, but the difference
was not statistically significant. Older females were better able to raise young without the male's help than were yearling
females. Female condition was not affected by male provisioning and unassisted females were as likely to survive to the next
breeding season as assisted females. We found no future benefits of provisioning by replacement males; those that fed were
no more likely to breed with the female on her subsequent attempt than were males that did not feed, and subsequent clutch
sizes were not reduced for females rearing young without the male's help. These experiments suggest that male parental care
increases nesting success in western bluebirds and that replacement males use an all-or-none rule to determine whether or
not to feed chicks: if they are present during the fertile period they feed at typical rates; if they are not, they usually
do not feed at all. Because chick-feeding by males is tied to opportunity for paternity, influences success in the current
nest, and does not affect the male's future breeding success, it appears to be parental rather than mating effort.
Received: 8 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 July 1998 相似文献
53.
The globally distributed fallout radionuclide 137Cs was monitored in 25 resident and 22 migratory fish species collected from some regions of west and east coast of southern
India to establish a baseline data. The samples were collected during June 2008 to June 2009. Higher level of 137Cs was noted in planktivorous fishes and lower level in herbivores. A significant variation in 137Cs was observed between fishes with different feeding habits and different migratory pattern. Oceanodromic migratory fishes
displayed higher cesium levels than other migratory types. Similarly, migratory fishes displayed higher 137Cs concentration compared to resident fishes. The overall range of 137Cs varied from 0.06 to 0.3 Bq/kg in fishes. The biological concentration varied from 55 to 250. The average external dose
rate to fishes was calculated to be 2.7 × 10−7 μGy/h, while the internal dose rate varied from 8.50 × 10−6 to 5.27 × 10−5 μGy/h. The hazard quotient for fishes was found to be less than 1. The average intake of 137Cs via fishes to the public was calculated to be 3.5 Bq/year and subsequently the committed effective dose was 0.05 μSv/year.
The data obtained were less than global average and comparable to those of many regions. 相似文献
54.
Highfield WE 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):892-901
As early as the passage of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act the U.S. government has sought to protect the nation’s
water resources through regulatory tools. While there has been a large amount of research on wetlands and wetland mitigation,
very little is known about the impact of Section 404 permitting on water quantity. This research examines the impact of Section 404
permit types on peak annual streamflow in Coastal Texas from 1996 to 2003. Results of cross-sectional time-series regression
analyses indicate that all four permit types have positive and significant effects on peak streamflow. These effects also
vary by permit type, with Individual permits having the highest per-permit impact on peak annual flow. 相似文献
55.
Citizen science programs are touted as useful tools for engaging the public in science and for collecting important data for
scientists and resource managers. To accomplish the latter, it must be shown that data collected by volunteers is sufficiently
accurate and reliable. We engaged 119 volunteers over three years to map and estimate abundance of invasive plants in New
York and New Jersey parklands. We tested their accuracy via collected pressed samples and by subsampling their transect points.
We also compared the performances of volunteers and botanical experts. Our results support the notion that volunteer participation
can enhance the data generated by scientists alone. We found that the quality of data collected might be affected by the environment
in which the data are collected. We suggest that giving consideration to how people learn can not only help to achieve educational
goals but can also help to produce more data to be used in scientific study. 相似文献
56.
Wesley C. L. Hemon Editor 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):208-253
Urban air pollution has traditionally been modeled using annual, or at best, seasonal emissions inventories and climatology. These averaging techniques may introduce uncertainty into the analysis, if specific emissions (e.g. SO2) are correlated with dispersion factors on a short-term basis. This may well be the case for space heating emissions. An analysis of this problem, using hourly climatological and residential emission estimates for six U.S. cities, indicates that the errors introduced using such averages are modest (~ ± 12%) for annual average concentrations. Maximum hourly concentrations vary considerably more, since maximum heat demand and worst case dispersion are in general not coincident. The paper thus provides a basis for estimating more realistic air pollution Impacts due to residential space heating. 相似文献
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