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41.
D. W. Pearce A. Harris G. Mooney R. L. Akehurst P. A. West 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1201-1206
The approach, methods, data, and results set out by Crocker et al.1 in their study of the effect and valuation of air pollution on human morbidity are examined in detail. It is found that there are severe deficiencies in both method and data which make the results of extremely doubtful value for the purposes of policy formulation. 相似文献
42.
The link between teamwork and job satisfaction was investigated in a sample of 48 manufacturing companies comprising 4708 employees. Two separate research questions were addressed. First, it was proposed that supervisor support would be a weaker source of job satisfaction in companies with higher levels of teamworking. Multilevel analysis indicated that the extent of teamwork at the company level of analysis moderated the relationship between individual perceptions of supervisor support and job satisfaction. Second, it was proposed that the extent of teamwork would be positively related to perceptions of job autonomy but negatively related to perceptions of supervisor support. Further, it was proposed that the link between teamwork and job autonomy would be explained by job enrichment practices associated with teamwork. Analyses of aggregated company data supported these propositions and provided evidence for a complex mediational path between teamwork and job satisfaction. Implications for implementing teamwork in organizations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
43.
体外代谢系统中叶枯灵及其代谢产物的HPLC测定方法研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用三内标三波长切换技术建立了大鼠肝微粒体和肝细胞可溶部分孵育液中叶枯灵及代谢产物的HPLC测定方法.结果表明该方法所得样品萃取率较高,方法回收率和灵敏度也较高,方法重复性和精密度良好,为叶枯灵经体外的代谢提供了适用的定量研究方法. 相似文献
44.
45.
Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska 下载免费PDF全文
Catherine West Courtney A. Hofman Steve Ebbert John Martin Sabrina Shirazi Samantha Dunning Jesus E. Maldonado 《Conservation biology》2017,31(5):1163-1172
The intentional and unintentional movement of plants and animals by humans has transformed ecosystems and landscapes globally. Assessing when and how a species was introduced are central to managing these transformed landscapes, particularly in island environments. In the Gulf of Alaska, there is considerable interest in the history of mammal introductions and rehabilitating Gulf of Alaska island environments by eradicating mammals classified as invasive species. The Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii) is of concern because it affects vegetation and seabirds on Gulf of Alaska islands. This animal is assumed to have been introduced by historic settlers; however, ground squirrel remains in the prehistoric archaeological record of Chirikof Island, Alaska, challenge this timeline and suggest they colonized the islands long ago. We used 3 lines of evidence to address this problem: direct radiocarbon dating of archaeological squirrel remains; evidence of prehistoric human use of squirrels; and ancient DNA analysis of dated squirrel remains. Chirikof squirrels dated to at least 2000 years ago, and cut marks on squirrel bones suggested prehistoric use by people. Ancient squirrels also shared a mitochondrial haplotype with modern Chirikof squirrels. These results suggest that squirrels have been on Chirikof longer than previously assumed and that the current population of squirrels is closely related to the ancient population. Thus, it appears ground squirrels are not a recent, human‐mediated introduction and may have colonized the island via a natural dispersal event or an ancient human translocation. 相似文献
46.
Edward M. Sykes Tabitha M. Innocent Ido Pen David M. Shuker Stuart A. West 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(11):1751-1758
Sex allocation theory offers excellent opportunities for testing how animals adjust their behaviour in response to environmental
conditions. A major focus has been on instances of local mate competition (LMC), where female-biased broods are produced to
maximise mating opportunities for sons. However, the predictions of LMC theory can be altered if there is both local competition
for resources during development and an asymmetry between the competitive abilities of the sexes, as has been seen in animals
ranging from wasps to birds. In this paper, we test the extent to which asymmetric larval competition alters the predictions
of LMC theory in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We found that the body size of both sexes was negatively correlated with the number of offspring developing within the host.
Further, we found that when faced with high levels of competition, the body size of females, but not males, was influenced
by the sex ratio of the competing offspring; females were smaller when a higher proportion of the brood was female. This asymmetric
competition should favour less biased sex ratios than are predicted by standard LMC theory. We then develop a theoretical
model that can be parameterised with our data, allowing us to determine the quantitative consequences of the observed level
of asymmetric larval competition for sex allocation. We found that although asymmetric competition selects for less biased
sex ratios, this effect is negligible compared to LMC. Furthermore, a similar conclusion is reached when we re-analyse existing
data from another parasitoid species where asymmetric larval competition has been observed; Bracon hebetor. Consequently, we suspect that asymmetric larval competition will have its greatest influence on sex ratio evolution in species
that have smaller clutches and where local mate competition is not an issue, such as birds and mammals. 相似文献
47.
John Humphreys Richard W. G. Caldow Selwyn McGrorty Andrew D. West Antony C. Jensen 《Marine Biology》2007,151(6):2255-2270
The Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum was introduced to Poole Harbour (lat 50°N) on the south coast of England in 1988 as a novel species for aquaculture. Contrary
to expectations, this species naturalised. We report on individual growth patterns, recruitment, mortality and production
within this population. On the intertidal mudflats the abundance of clams (>5 mm in length) varied seasonally between 18 and
56 individuals m−2. There appear to be two recruitment events per year and there were 6 year classes in the population. A mid-summer decline
in abundance was partly due to increased mortality but probably also a result of down-shore migration in response to high
water temperatures and the development of anoxic conditions. A winter fishery removes c 75% of clams of fishable size (maximum
shell length ≥40 mm) and c 20% of the annual production. The fishery depresses the maximum age and size attained by the clams
but appears to be sustainable. Clam mortality due to factors other than fishing is highest in late-winter to early spring.
The growth of the clams is intermediate in comparison with many published studies but remarkably good given their intertidal
position. As on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea, where the clam is also non-native, the Manila clam has thrived in a shallow,
eutrophic, lagoon-like system on the English coast. While the Poole Harbour population is currently Europe’s most northerly
reported self-sustaining, naturalised population, given forecasts of increasing air and sea temperatures it might be expected
that this species will eventually spread to more sites around the coasts of Northern Europe with associated economic and ecological
consequences. 相似文献
48.
Philip R. Maul Richard Metcalfe Jonathan Pearce David Savage Julia M. West 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2007,1(4):444-455
The geological storage of carbon dioxide is currently being considered as a possible technology for reducing emissions to atmosphere. Although there are several operational sites where carbon dioxide is stored in this way, methods for assessing the long-term performance and safety of geological storage are at an early stage of development. In this paper the similarities and differences between this field and the geological disposal of radioactive wastes are considered. Priorities are suggested for the development of performance assessment methods for carbon dioxide storage based on areas where experience from radioactive waste disposal can be usefully applied. These include, inter alia, dealing with the various types of uncertainty, using systematic methodologies to ensure an auditable and transparent assessment process, developing whole system models and gaining confidence to model the long-term system evolution by considering information from natural systems. An important area of data shortage remains the potential impacts on humans and ecosystems. 相似文献
49.
Stefano Canessa Sarah J. Converse Matt West Nick Clemann Graeme Gillespie Michael McFadden Aimee J. Silla Kirsten M. Parris Michael A. McCarthy 《Conservation biology》2016,30(3):599-609
Ex situ conservation strategies for threatened species often require long‐term commitment and financial investment to achieve management objectives. We present a framework that considers the decision to adopt ex situ management for a target species as the end point of several linked decisions. We used a decision tree to intuitively represent the logical sequence of decision making. The first decision is to identify the specific management actions most likely to achieve the fundamental objectives of the recovery plan, with or without the use of ex‐situ populations. Once this decision has been made, one decides whether to establish an ex situ population, accounting for the probability of success in the initial phase of the recovery plan, for example, the probability of successful breeding in captivity. Approaching these decisions in the reverse order (attempting to establish an ex situ population before its purpose is clearly defined) can lead to a poor allocation of resources, because it may restrict the range of available decisions in the second stage. We applied our decision framework to the recovery program for the threatened spotted tree frog (Litoria spenceri) of southeastern Australia. Across a range of possible management actions, only those including ex situ management were expected to provide >50% probability of the species’ persistence, but these actions cost more than use of in situ alternatives only. The expected benefits of ex situ actions were predicted to be offset by additional uncertainty and stochasticity associated with establishing and maintaining ex situ populations. Naïvely implementing ex situ conservation strategies can lead to inefficient management. Our framework may help managers explicitly evaluate objectives, management options, and the probability of success prior to establishing a captive colony of any given species. 相似文献
50.
Sugimoto JD Labrique AB Ahmad S Rashid M Shamim AA Ullah B Klemm RD Christian P West KP 《Disasters》2011,35(2):329-345
The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women. 相似文献