全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对半滑舌鳎肝脏细胞的毒性效应

为探究海洋环境中持久性有机污染物——全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的生物毒性效应,以半滑舌鳎肝脏细胞(HTLC)为研究对象,将其暴露于含不同浓度PFOS的DMEM-F12培养基中,分别染毒24、48、72 h后,利用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)和透射电镜实验评价PFOS的细胞毒性;同时测定活性氧自由基(ROS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性来探讨PFOS对细胞的氧化损伤效应。结果发现,细胞活性随PFOS浓度升高呈先促进后抑制趋势,当PFOS浓度达到1 000%mol·L-1时细胞活性受到显著抑制(P0.01);电镜结果显示PFOS能引起与代谢相关的细胞器如线粒体、内质网等发生肿胀甚至破损;与对照组相比,ROS含量和SOD活性分别在20%mol·L-1、200%mol·L-1开始出现显著性差异(P0.05),证实在PFOS引起的氧化应激反应中SOD起到了清除自由基作用以维持细胞稳态。研究表明,PFOS对海洋鱼类细胞具有一定的生物毒性,能引起细胞产生氧化应激反应,并进一步破坏生物膜系统,从而导致细胞增殖和多种代谢途径受到抑制。     

Forecasting of dissolved oxygen in the Guanting reservoir using an optimized NGBM (1,1) model

An optimized nonlinear grey Bernoulli model was proposed by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the parameter optimization problem. In addition, each item in the first-order accumulated generating sequence was set in turn as an initial condition to determine which alternative would yield the highest forecasting accuracy. To test the forecasting performance, the optimized models with different initial conditions were then used to simulate dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Guanting reservoir inlet and outlet(China). The empirical results show that the optimized model can remarkably improve forecasting accuracy, and the particle swarm optimization technique is a good tool to solve parameter optimization problems. What's more, the optimized model with an initial condition that performs well in in-sample simulation may not do as well as in out-of-sample forecasting.     

Achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets with minimum abatement costs: An enterprise-level allocation method with constraints of fairness and feasibility

• Quantification of efficiency and fairness of abatement allocation are optimized. • Allocation results are refined to the different abatement measures of enterprises. • Optimized allocation results reduce abatement costs and tap the abatement space. • Abatement suggestions are given to enterprises with different abatement quotas. For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets, total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China. However, the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of economic cost often results in unreasonable emission reduction pathways, and industrial enterprises as the main implementers have to pay excessively high costs. Therefore, this study adopted economic efficiency as its main consideration, used specific emission reduction measures (ERMs) of industrial enterprises as minimum allocation units, and constructed an enterprise-level pollutant emission reduction allocation (EPERA) model with minimization of the total abatement cost (TAC) as the objective function, and fairness and feasibility as constraints for emission reduction allocation. Taking City M in China as an example, the EPERA model was used to construct a Pareto optimal frontier and obtain the optimal trade-off result. Results showed that under basic and strict emission reduction regulations, the TAC of the optimal trade-off point was reduced by 46.40% and 45.77%, respectively, in comparison with that achieved when only considering fairness, and the Gini coefficient was 0.26 and 0.31, respectively. The abatement target was attained with controllable cost and relatively fair and reasonable allocation. In addition, enterprises allocated different emission reduction quotas under different ERMs had specific characteristics that required targeted optimization of technology and equipment to enable them to achieve optimal emission reduction effects for the same abatement cost.     

化学品环境风险管理需求与战略思考

在广泛调研收集化学品环境风险与污染危害等资料基础上,结合化学品环境管理的国内外形势与现状,针对我国目前存在的化学品环境管理体制不完善、环境风险防控工作滞后和技术支撑能力不足等问题,从国家战略层面分析了我国化学品全生命周期环境与健康风险管理需求,提出了我国化学品环境风险管理中长期发展目标及行动计划。行动计划涵盖了健全化学品法律法规和制度体系、系统开展化学品危害筛查和风险评估、推动有毒有害化学品的限制与淘汰、加强有毒有害化学品环境污染防治、提升化学品风险评估与管理能力和促进产业绿色发展等方面建议,对于我国加快构建完善的化学品风险管控制度和技术体系具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。     

曝气生物滤池处理生活污水研究

研究了上向流式曝气生物滤池反应器对生活污水COD和NH3-N的启动性能.结果表明,在启动期间,COD和NH3-N的最佳去除率分别达到了94.8%和93.2%;稳定运行期间,在气水比为3:1的条件下,曝气生物滤池对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为95.9%和93.7%;沿程COD和NH3-N的去除率随着滤层高度的增加...     

黔东南施秉白云岩上覆土壤剖面理化特征与土壤有机碳含量关系研究

以贵州施秉云台山典型喀斯特土壤剖面为研究对象,运用野外定点采样和室内分析的方法,探讨了土壤理化性质与有机碳含量及其相互间的耦合关系,为贵州东部地区白云岩山地土壤提供地球化学新数据。结果表明:(1)三个剖面土壤p H值主要集中在7.50~8.00之间,呈碱性,为黑色、灰黑色土壤-棕壤-黄壤碱性石灰土,土壤质地为粉粘壤土。(2)土壤剖面有机碳含量具有高度变异性,整体上表现为从表土层到底层逐渐减少。植被、土壤理化性质和剖面成土演化对土壤有机碳含量有着重要影响。(3)土壤有机碳与土壤密度和p H值有明显的线性负相关性(R~2=0.62,0.21,n=32),与土壤有机氮呈极显著线性正相关(R~2=0.98,n=32);土壤有机碳与不同粒径组分相关性较弱,但相对而言与土壤黏粒相关性最大,成幂指数负相关(R~2=0.22)。土壤的理化性状在很大程度上影响着土壤有机碳的含量,而土壤有机碳含量的变化又对土壤理化性质有着重要的调节作用,二者相互联系,相互耦合,共同制约着喀斯特地区土壤生态系统的演化。     

温度和光照对红花檵木和南天竹异戊二烯和单萜烯释放的影响

植物是生物源挥发性有机化合物(Biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)的最主要来源,城市绿色植物释放的BVOCs会影响城市大气组分,进而改变城市大气环境.本实验以红花檵木(Loropetalum chinense)和南天竹(Nandina domestica)为研究对象,调节温度(T)和光合有效辐射(PAR),测量两种植物主要BVOCs(异戊二烯(Isoprene,ISO)、单萜烯(Monoterpenes,MTs))的通量及光合参数.结果表明,在T=30℃、PAR=500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,南天竹BVOCs释放速率大于红花檵木,分别为4916.51和3388.62 pmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),BVOCs释放种类以ISO为主,占BVOCs总量99.8%以上,MTs以α-蒎烯和3-蒈烯为主.ISO释放速率随温度升高而增加,35℃时达到最大值,红花檵木和南天竹分别为8436.48和15138.81 pmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),显著高于其他两种温度下ISO释放;而单萜烯在30℃时最大,分别为4.96和8.24 pmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),红花檵木单萜烯的释放受温度影响较为显著.PAR增加会显著促进两种植物ISO的释放,PAR=1000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时红花檵木和南天竹释放速率分别达3279.21和7355.17 pmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),而单萜烯释放在PAR为500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)最高.温度和光照主要通过影响植物气孔导度和蒸腾速率等从而影响其BVOCs的释放,不同温度和光照处理下,异戊二烯释放碳占光合作用固定碳的0～3.28%.不同植物BVOCs释放对温度和光照响应的差异要求加强对城市绿色植物BVOCs释放的研究,以便为城市绿化树种选择及城市生态环境改善提供科学依据.