Historically, unpleasant odors have been considered warning signs or indicators of potential risks to human health but not necessarily direct triggers of health effects. However, citizen complaints to public health agencies suggest that odors may not simply serve as a warning of potential risks but that odor sensations themselves may cause health symptoms. Mal-odors emitted from large animal production facilities and wastewater treatment plants, for example, elicit complaints of eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache, nausea, diarrhea, hoarseness, sore throat, cough, chest tightness, nasal congestion, palpitations, shortness of breath, stress, drowsiness, and alterations in mood. There are at least three mechanisms by which ambient odors may produce health symptoms. First, symptoms can be induced by exposure to odorants (compounds with odor properties) at levels that also cause irritation or other toxicological effects. That is, irritation--rather than the odor--is the cause of the health symptoms, and odor (the sensation) simply serves as an exposure marker. Second, health symptoms from odorants at non-irritant concentrations can be due to innate (genetically coded) or learned aversions. Third, symptoms may be due to a co-pollutant (such as endotoxin) that is part of an odorant mixture. Objective biomarkers of health symptoms must be obtained, however, to determine if health complaints constitute health effects. One industry that is receiving much attention, worldwide, related to this subject is concentrated animal production agriculture. Sustainability of this industry will likely necessitate the development of new technologies to mitigate odorous aerial emissions. Examples of such "environmentally superior technologies" (EST) developed under the initiative sponsored through agreements between the Attorney General of North Carolina and Smithfield Foods and Premium Standard Farms are described. 相似文献
This article discusses the current framework of coastal decision making which tends to exclude participation by individuals and those without a strong institutional representation. A distinction is drawn between institutional and local stakeholders to illustrate weaknesses in the existing decision framework. It is argued that particularly in the coastal environment, the relationship between changes in physical form and changes in social welfare is critical to understanding how decision making may engage more fully with local stakeholders and ultimately improve decision outcomes. A reordering of stakeholder engagement in decision systems at the coast is proposed and a framework is outlined which enhances the capacity of local stakeholders to influence decision making. 相似文献
Tenant participation in council housing management; Housing Development.
Directorate Occasional Paper 2/77, DoE London, 1977.
Getting tenants involved: a handbook on systems of tenant participation in housing management; DoE London, 1977.
La politica dei servizi tra razionalizzazione e rinnovamento
Alberto L'Abate (1978)
Marsilio Editori, Padova, pp. 316
Handbook for Environmental Planning: the social consequences of environmental change.
J. McEnvoy & T. Dietz (1977)
New York, J. Wiley, pp. 323. Price £15.50
Planning and Urbanism in China
Progress in Planning Vol. 8, Part 2, Fo. 1 N. Jeffrey and M. Caldwell, pp. 97–182, 1977
Pergamen, £4.00
The European Community's Regional Fund
Ross B. Talbot
Progress in Planning, Vol. 8, Part 3, pp. 183–281
Pergamon Press, 1977
Providing the Posh Words
W. Hampton, DoE
1978. £1.50. 60pp.
Four Titles on Conservation
A Critical Bibliography of Building Conservation. John F. Smith. Mansell, London 1978. 207 pages including index. Hard back, £12.90.
Conservation and Planning. Alan Doby. Hutchinson — The Built Environment. 1978. 173 pages. Some illustrations. Paper back, £3.25.
A Study in Conservation. Winston Barnett and Cyril Winskell. Oriel Press, 1977. 45 pages, in English, French and German. Illustrated. Paper back, £3.75.
Interpreting the Conserved Environment. Working Paper No. 29. Brian Goodey. Oxford Polytechnic Department of Town and Country Planning, 1977. 65 pages. Paper back, not priced.
ABSTRACT: Spatial distribution of soil and water properties and the correlations between them and crop yield were determined for a natural rainfall environment. Hydraulic conductivity, soil texture, water retention, and soil-water flux were variables used to investigate their relationship to crop yield using multiple regression techniques. Variations in crop yields on a watershed with a 3 to 4 percent slope and moderately erosive soils were related to soil-water characteristics and soil properties along slope and with depth. Climatic conditions to sustain crop growth and yield ranged from inadequate soil water in 1983 to adequate soil water in 1984. Crop yield was predicted with models using both available and measured soil-water content. Available water content provided a better model for the prediction of water yield and does not require field measurements of actual soil-water content. Soil water holding capacity was more significant for predicting crop yield in soils with moderate to high silt content than infiltrability of water into the soil. 相似文献
Shadrach Woods, The Man in the Street, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1975
W. Houghton Evans, Planning Cities, London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1975, £7
R. Taylor, M. Cox & I. Dickens eds., Britain's Planning Heritage, London, Croom Helm for The Royal Town Planning Institute, 1975. £5.75 (hardcover) £3.50 (paperback)
Development Plan Evaluation and Robustness: Application of an Analytical Programme and a Review of Measures of Performance, Department of the Environment Research Report 5 Local Government Operations Research Unit Report C217, 1976. Gratis.
J. Appleton, The Experience of Landscape, London, John Wiley, 1975
J. D. Hunt & P. Willis eds., The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden 1620–1820, London, Paul Elek, 1976. £12.50
N. Pevsner, Staffordshire, Harmondsworth, Middx., Penguin Buildings of England Series, 1974, £3.50 (hardcover)
R. Bailey & M. Brake eds., Radical Social Work, London: Edward Arnold, 1975. £4.25 (hardcover) £1.95 (paperback)
and
The Use of Action Research in Developing Urban Planning Policy: Report of Colloquium, Bristol, June 1975 London, Department of the Environment, 1975.
M. Harloe, Swindon: A Town in Transition, London, Heinemann for the centre for Environmental Studies, 1975.
D. W. Pearce ed., The Economics of Natural Resource Depletion, London, Macmillan, 1975.
J. B. Goddard, Office Location in Urban and Regional Development
B. Fullerton, The Development of British Transport Networks
B. T. Robson, Urban Social Areas
P. L. Knox, Social Well‐Being: A Spatial Perspective
Four volumes in the Theory and Practice in Geography series, edited by J. W. House, A. S. Gouldie & J. H. C. Patten and published by Oxford University Press, 1975. All paperback at £0.90.
James A. Swan & William B. Stapp eds., Environmental Education: Strategies Toward a More Liveable Future, Halstead Press — John Wiley, 1974.
A. G. Wilson & M. J. Kirkby, Mathematics for Geographers and Planners, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975 相似文献
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.]. The study site, a swamp in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, has received municipal wastewater for the last 40 years.
Growth chronologies from 1920 to 1992 were developed from cross-dated tree core samples taken from treated and control sites
with similar size and age classes. Mean diameter increment (DINC) and mean basal area increment (BAI) chronologies were constructed
separately for each stand. These chronologies were then summarized by tree and stand into seven nine-year intervals resulting
in three pretreatment intervals from 1926 to 1952 and four treatment intervals from 1953 to 1988. Significant differences
in growth response between sites showed a consistent pattern of growth enhancement in the treated site coincident with the
onset of effluent discharge. The ratio of treated to control baldcypress growth rates (computed from DINC) averaged 0.74 during
the pretreatment period and 1.53 during the treatment period. Over the period of study, control DINC decreased from 77 mm
to 29 mm/nine-year interval, while treatment DINC increased slightly from 40 mm to 47 mm/nine-year interval. Control BAI did
not increase significantly and averaged 192 cm2/nine-year interval. There was a significant increase in treatment BAI from 129 to 333 cm2/nine-year interval over the period of record. These results clearly demonstrate sustained long-term baldcypress growth enhancement
throughout 40 years of municipal effluent discharge. 相似文献