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621.
An experiment to investigate how the water quality of acid lakes can be improved by liming the surrounding catchment was begun at Loch Fleet, Scotland in 1984. the effects on the soils of three sectors of the catchment where limestone was added in 1986 are reported here, following analysis of soils sampled in 1987, 1988 and 1991. the effect of the lime on soil chemistry was still evident in 1991, with about 15% of free lime remaining in the hydrochemical reaction zone of sectors IV and VI and nearly 50% in sector VII. However, this free lime appeared to be dissolving too slowly to maintain large amounts of exchangeable calcium in the soils, indicating that the treatment is starting to become less effective. the fall in the mean exchangeable calcium in the reaction zone between 1988 and 1991 was mirrored by a drop in mean soil pH over the 5 years post-liming from 6.1 to 5.6 on sector IV and from 5.9 to 5.4 on sector VI, whereas mean pH remained constant at about 6.0 in the limed areas of sector VII. Using soil data to predict longevity suggests that the exchangeable calcium remaining on the catchment at the end of 1991 will maintain target water quality in the loch until sometime during 1994. the soil pH is likely to fall to between 5.2 and 5.3 by this time. If the region of hydrochemical reaction is assumed to extend to a depth of 20 cm rather than 5 cm, target water quality is predicted to be maintained until the end of 1995. When the free lime remaining on the catchment is included as a source of acid neutralising capacity, calculations show that treatment may remain effective until around the year 2000. 相似文献
622.
An interdisciplinary strategy is outlined for characterizing the disposition of bioactive (toxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic) materials in coal‐derived hydrocarbon liquids during upgrading processing. Engineering input is required to select representative PDU and pilot‐scale samples and appropriate processing schemes and conditions for upgrading experiments to ensure reliable extrapolation of results to demonstration and commercial scale. Biology expertise is required to perform and interpret short‐term in vitro cellular assays and whole‐animal toxicity and carcinogenesis testing on raw and upgraded samples. Chemical separation and identification of active classes and components in the samples aid in interpreting bioactivity results and in quantifying effects of various upgrading processes and conditions. The end result will be a data base for reliably assessing and addressing potential occupational and environmental safety and health concerns associated with upgraded coal‐derived liquids. An example of the value of this interdisciplinary approach is given by work performed on generically representative raw and hydrotreated SRC‐II gas oil samples. Biological and chemical characterization indicates significant loss of bioactivity during hydrotreatment, with one postulated mechanism being removal of primary amine groups from multi‐ring aromatic compounds. 相似文献
623.
Agustina Gómez-Laich Rory P. Wilson Emily L. C. Shepard Flavio Quintana 《Marine Biology》2013,160(7):1697-1707
Energy management during the breeding season is crucial for central place foragers since parents need to feed themselves and their offspring while being spatially and temporally constrained. In this work, we used overall dynamic body acceleration as a measure of activity and also to allude to the foraging energy expenditure of breeding Imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps. We also analyzed how changes in the time or energy allocated to different activities affected the foraging trip energy expenditure and estimated the daily food requirements of the species. Birds spent 42 % of the total energy flying to and from the feeding areas and 16 % floating at sea. The level of activity underwater was almost 1.5 times higher for females than for males. The most expensive diving phase in terms of rate of energy expenditure was descending though the water column. The total foraging trip energy expenditure was particularly sensitive to variation in the amount of time spent flying. During the breeding season, adult cormorants breeding along the Patagonian coast would consume approximately 10,000 tons of food. 相似文献
624.
Susan Clement Wilson Marleen Susman Sharon Bain Monica Wohlferd Daniel L. Van Dyke Art Daniel Beverly White R. J. McKinlay Gardner 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(8):681-685
We present six cases of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism diagnosed at chorionic villus sampling (CVS), this being the first prospective series to be reported. The clinical indication in each was advanced maternal age. Further prenatal studies in four (amniocentesis, plus fetal blood sampling in one) did not show the isochromosome. In one case, subsequent amniocentesis showed 1/48 in situ colonies with the isochromosome, but fetal blood was karyotypically normal. These five pregnancies resulted in phenotypically normal livebirths; further normal follow-up reports (from age 4 months through 4 years) are noted in four of these. Analysis of placental tissue in one case confirmed the presence of the i(5p) mosaicism. In the remaining case, in which 100% of CVS cultured cells had the i(5p), the pregnancy was terminated. Fetal skin fibroblasts did not show the i(5p). Thus, in none of these six cases was true fetal mosaicism detected, nor an abnormal phenotype noted. We suggest that a 47,+i(5p)/46 karyotype, detected at CVS, may frequently reflect confined placental mosaicism. In addition, we report a case of the primary diagnosis of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism at amniocentesis. The infant appeared normal at birth, but a brain malformation was subsequently identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
625.
Evaluation of a serum bottle technique for assessing the anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals under methanogenic conditions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The serum bottle method of Shelton and Tiedje (1984), for assessing the potential of an organic chemical to undergo anaerobic biodegradation, was evaluated using U.K. primary digesting sludges. The method was modified by using the sludge at a known solids content and employing sterile (autoclaved) controls to correct for abiotic gas production. Gas production was measured with a compact hand-held pressure meter, which represented an improvement over previously described techniques. Results obtained confirmed the reliability and precision of this type of simple, screening test for assessing anaerobic biodegradability. However, the test is only applicable to low-sulphate, methanogenic environments and evidence is presented of interference from sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) when testing sulphate-containing chemicals. 相似文献
626.
Moukaram Tertuliano Jeffery K. Tomberlin Zeljko Jurjevic David Wilson Glen C. Rains W. J. Lewis 《Chemoecology》2005,15(2):89-95
Summary. The parasitic wasp Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) learns to associate odors with food resources and subsequently exhibits a characteristic food-seeking behavior when encountering the learned odor. Wasps so conditioned, learned and subsequently demonstrated an ability to distinguish among aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains. The effects of fungal species, strain, age (5, 10-12, 20, and 30 d) and growth media (potato dextrose agar, peanut agar and corn agar) on the learning and recognition responses of the conditioned wasps were examined. The level of differentiation between fungal strains by conditioned wasps was lowest when working with 5-d-old fungal cultures but increased with age and generally peaked with 20-d-old fungi. Wasps responded generally stronger to the fungal strain conditioned to independent of growth media. This ability of parasitic wasps to learn and distinguish fungal odors can open new avenues in insect learning. 相似文献
627.
Ingestion of antioxidants has been argued to scavenge circulating reactive molecules (e.g., free radicals), play a part in
mate choice (by mediating access to this important resource), and perhaps increase life span. However, recent work has come
to question these relationships. We have shown elsewhere in the polychromatic lizard, Ctenophorus pictus, that diet supplementation of carotenoids as antioxidants does not depress circulating natural reactive oxygen species (ROS)
levels and leads to no corresponding improvement of color traits. However, a much stronger test would be to experimentally
manipulate the ROS levels themselves and assess carotenoid-induced ROS depression. Here, we achieve this by using carbonyl
cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, which elevates superoxide (SO) formation approximately threefold at 10 μM in this model system.
We then look for depressing effects on ROS of the carotenoids in order to assess whether ‘super-production’ of SO makes carotenoid
effects on elevated ROS levels detectable. The rationale for this treatment was that if not even such elevated levels of SO
are reduced by carotenoid supplementation, the putative link carotenoids, ROS depression, and mate quality (in terms of antioxidant
capacity) is highly questionable. We conclude that there is no significant effect of carotenoids on mean SO levels even at
the induced ROS levels. However, our results showed a significant interaction effect between carotenoid treatment and male
color, with red males having higher ROS levels than yellow males. We suggest that this may be because different pigments are
differently involved in the generation of the integumental colors in the two morphs with concomitant effects on ROS depletion
depending on carotenoid uptake or allocation to coloration and antioxidation. 相似文献
628.
Ako AA Shimada J Hosono T Ichiyanagi K Nkeng GE Fantong WY Eyong GE Roger NN 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(6):559-575
Groundwater quality of the Banana Plain (Mbanga, Njombe, Penja—Cameroon) was assessed for its suitability for drinking, domestic,
and agricultural uses. A total of 67 groundwater samples were collected from open wells, springs, and boreholes. Samples were
analyzed for physicochemical properties, major ions, and dissolved silica. In 95% of groundwater samples, calcium is the dominant
cation, while sodium dominates in 5% of the samples. Eighty percent of the samples have HCO3 as major anion, and in 20%, NO3 is the major anion. Main water types in the study area are CaHCO3, CaMgHCO3, CaNaHCO3, and CaNaNO3ClHCO3. CO2-driven weathering of silicate minerals followed by cation exchange seemingly controls largely the concentrations of major
ions in the groundwaters of this area. Nitrate, sulfate, and chloride concentrations strongly express the impact of anthropogenic
activities (agriculture and domestic activities) on groundwater quality. Sixty-four percent of the waters have nitrate concentrations
higher than the drinking water limit. Also limiting groundwater use for potable and domestic purposes are contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3
− and total hardness (TH) that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Irrigational suitability of groundwaters in
the study area was also evaluated, and results show that all the samples are fit for irrigation. Groundwater quality in the
Banana Plain is impeded by natural geology and anthropogenic activities, and proper groundwater management strategies are
necessary to protect sustainably this valuable resource. 相似文献
629.
The importance of cost planning for solid waste management (SWM) in industrialising regions (IR) is not well recognised. The approaches used to estimate costs of SWM can broadly be classified into three categories - the unit cost method, benchmarking techniques and developing cost models using sub-approaches such as cost and production function analysis. These methods have been developed into computer programmes with varying functionality and utility. IR mostly use the unit cost and benchmarking approach to estimate their SWM costs. The models for cost estimation, on the other hand, are used at times in industrialised countries, but not in IR. Taken together, these approaches could be viewed as precedents that can be modified appropriately to suit waste management systems in IR. The main challenges (or problems) one might face while attempting to do so are a lack of cost data, and a lack of quality for what data do exist. There are practical benefits to planners in IR where solid waste problems are critical and budgets are limited. 相似文献
630.