基于风险商法的中国典型淡水水域微塑料生态风险评价

微塑料是一种广泛存在于各种环境介质中的新兴污染物,但目前对于该污染物的生态风险评价方法尚不成熟。本文基于物种敏感性分布（species sensitivity distribution,SSD）使用风险商法,对中国13条典型河流微塑料污染进行了生态风险评估。首先构建了淡水生物对微塑料的敏感性分布曲线,计算出微塑料对淡水生物的预测无影响浓度为1.9×10⁵ n·m^-3,再根据各河流的微塑料赋存状况计算出对应的风险商值。结果显示,洞庭湖、洪湖和三峡水库等6个水域的风险商值<0.1,无微塑料污染生态风险;珠江、太湖、鄱阳湖、茅洲河、岷江（成都段）和玛纳斯河有个别采样点风险商值>0.1,存在潜在微塑料污染生态风险;而黄河下游风险商值>1,存在较为严重的微塑料污染生态风险。     

Arsenic in Two Taiwanese Bivalves,Crassostrea Gigas (Thumberg) and Meretrix Lusoria Röding

Abstract

Arsenic, one of the most toxic elements, is present naturally in marine organisms at much higher concentrations than in terrestrial organisms. the arsenic contents in two marine bivalves, Crassostrea gigas (Thumberg) and Meretrix lusoria Röding, from Taiwan were investigated. the total arsenic content of C. gigas (33.7–60.5 μg g^?1) is higher than that of M. lusoria (30.2–34.6 μg g^?1). These two bivalves from Lu-kang contain more arsenic in soft tissues than specimens from other areas (significant at 1%, t-test). On the other hand, samples from Pen-hu contain less arsenic than those from other areas (significant at 5%). the arsenic contents of other Indo-Pacific bivalves are also given for comparison.     

环境浓度微囊藻毒素-LR对菖蒲无机氮吸收特性的影响

富营养化水体中存在的微囊藻毒素(microcystins, MCs)会对水生植物的营养吸收产生潜在威胁。为探讨MCs对水生植物无机氮吸收的影响,分析不同浓度微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)暴露15 d后挺水植物菖蒲对无机氮的吸收特性及其动力学特征。结果表明,0.001 mg·L^-1 MC-LR暴露条件下,菖蒲根系活力、根系生物量及细胞质膜(PM)H⁺-ATP酶活性均显著增加,MC-LR暴露对菖蒲的NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N吸收均有促进作用;0.01 mg·L^-1 MC-LR暴露条件下,菖蒲根系活力、根系生物量及PM H⁺-ATP酶活性均有一定程度上升,菖蒲对NO^-₃-N的亲和力和吸收潜能下降,但对NH⁺₄-N的吸收速率上升;0.03 mg·L^-1 MC-LR暴露条件下,菖蒲根系活力、根系生物量及PM H⁺-ATP酶活性均显著下降,MC-LR暴露通过降低菖蒲对NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N的亲和力和吸收潜能来抑制其对无机氮的吸收。与NH⁺₄-N相比,0.03 mg·L^-1 MC-LR对NO^-₃-N吸收的抑制作用更强。MC-LR(0.001~0.01 mg·L^-1)暴露对菖蒲NH⁺₄-N吸收有不同程度的促进作用,而0.03 mg·L^-1 MC-LR暴露对菖蒲的NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N吸收均产生明显抑制,对菖蒲生长及其氮的去除能力产生不利影响。     

人体胆汁中微塑料的检测与分析

微塑料(MPs)因其广泛分布及其对自然生态系统的影响而受到越来越多关注,但迄今为止还没有研究报告微塑料在人体胆汁中的暴露,本研究通过对人体胆汁中的微塑料进行定性和定量分析,以期为今后深入探究微塑料与人类疾病的关系提供依据。纳入武汉科技大学附属孝感医院2023年3月—5月确诊为胆囊结石并行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术患者12例,收集患者的胆汁样本作为实验组,以程序空白、实验空白及仪器空白作为对照组,采用热解-气相色谱/质谱(Py-GC/MS)方法检测2组样本中微塑料的种类及含量。在12个胆汁样本中检测到聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、尼龙66(PA66)和聚乙烯(PE)共4种微塑料类型,在单个样本中可检测到1~3种不同的微塑料种类,检测结果阳性率为100%(12/12),其中PVC阳性率为100%(12/12),PA66阳性率为91.66%(11/12),PET阳性率为25.0%(3/12),PE阳性率为8.33%(1/12)。在检测到该塑料颗粒的样本中,PA66含量为(10.36±8.62) μg·g^-1,PVC平均含量为14.53 μg·g^-1,PET平均含量为10.66 μg·g^-1,在唯一检测到PE的样本中,其含量为3.01 μg·g^-1。本研究对人体胆汁中的微塑料进行定性和定量分析,为微塑料与人类疾病的深入探讨提供依据。     

广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境若干重金属元素背景值的调查

应用分层抽样统计方法,调查研究广西桂东北地区农业土壤环境Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、As、Cr、Hg等8种重金属元素背景值,并分别求算出各元素背景值95％的置信区间。经方差分析,各成土母质间几种元素背景值都有不同程度差异。探讨了该区域农业土壤元素背景值与世界土壤、地壳丰度和国内土壤元素背景值的差异,为开展农业环境科学研究提供依据。     

Analysis of household energy consumption and related CO2 emissions in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City,China

Energy is one of the most important elements required for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and it has a particularly strong impact on households in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption patterns that interrelates socioeconomic and demographic factors was conducted in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City by using the stratified random sampling technique for 120 households. This study focuses on household energy consumption and the related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the study area. Firewood, biogas, and electricity were identified as the main energy sources of the rural households. This study demonstrates that 100% of the households use firewood, 52% use biogas, and 95% use electricity as fuel types. On average, each household consumed 1752 kg of firewood, 280 m³ of biogas, and 392 kWh of electricity annually. All households generated an annual average amount of CO₂ emissions of 3851 kg, of which 85.08% come from firewood, 7.66% from biogas, and 7.26% from electricity. Family size, income, and educational level were found to be the major factors that influence CO₂ emissions. The results of this study may be useful in explaining the energy consumption characteristics in the rural areas of Lijiang City and are expected to be useful in policy formulation for energy consumption and environmental protection.     

大亚湾海水中的二氧化碳体系

对大亚湾四个季节调查表明、大亚湾海水二氧化碳各组份占总碳比例介于河口与外海之间,HCO3-/∑CO2值为0.89,CO32-/∑CO2值为0.11,CO2/∑CO2值为0.005。文章描述了二氧化碳各组份在大亚湾的时空变化,进行二氧化碳各组份与盐度的回归分析。得出影响大亚湾海水二氧化碳体系主要因素在春季是低盐水与高盐水的混合;在夏季是上层永和下层水的混合;在冬季则是生物动活。     

Multiple-pattern parameter identification and uncertainty analysis approach for water quality modeling

This paper presents a multiple-pattern parameter identification and uncertainty analysis approach for robust water quality modeling using a neural network (NN) embedded genetic algorithm (GA). The modeling approach uses an adaptive NN–GA framework to inversely solve the governing equations in a water quality model for multiple parameter patterns, along with an alternating fitness method to maintain solution diversity. The procedure was demonstrated through a coupled 2D hydrodynamic and eutrophication model for Loch Raven Reservoir in Maryland. The inverse problem was formulated as a nonlinear optimization problem minimizing the degree of misfit (DOM) between model results and observed data. A set of NN models was developed to approximate the input-output response relationship of the Loch Raven Reservoir model and was incorporated into a GA framework in an adaptive fashion to search for near-optimal solutions minimizing the DOM. The numerical example showed that the adaptive NN–GA approach is capable of identifying multiple parameter patterns that reproduce the observed data equally well. The resulting parameter patterns were incorporated into the numerical model, and a multiple-pattern robust water quality modeling analysis, along with a compound margin of safety (CMOS) method, was proposed and applied to analyze the parameter pattern uncertainty.     

上海城市绿地系统构筑初探

本文从剖析上海城市绿地存在问题入手，结合城市规划配套发展原则，走生态城市大园林之路，探讨了绿地系统构筑的指导思想和原则，研究并提出了城市绿地系统的构筑的四大子系统体系。