Short-duration hydrothermal fermentation of food waste: preparation of soil conditioner for amending organic-matter-impoverished arable soils

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Soil conditioners can be used to compensate for the insufficient soil nutrition and organic matter (OM) of arable soils. However, the traditional...     

Mn-Ce复合氧化物微球的制备及其催化氧化甲苯性能

为了开发高效稳定、具有低温活性的降解VOCs催化材料,采用传统水热法制备了一系列不同锰铈比的催化剂(MnO₂、Mn_0.95Ce_0.05O_x、Mn_0.90Ce_0.10O_x、Mn_0.80Ce_0.20O_x及Mn_0.60Ce_0.40O_x),利用SEM、BET、XRD、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD、拉曼光谱等技术对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征分析,同时考察了其对甲苯的催化氧化活性。结果表明：通过简单的水热合成法合成出的Mn-Ce复合氧化物均为微球,但Ce的加入使得微球催化剂表面的纳米针消失,变为光滑的微球体;而不同的催化剂在氧化甲苯时呈现不同的催化氧化性能,其中Mn_0.80Ce_0.20O_x具有最佳的甲苯氧化性能,这是由于其具有较强的氧化还原性能、较高的化学吸附氧含量及存在Mn-Ce固溶体。因此,通过控制催化剂中Ce含量,可调控催化剂的形貌和物理化学特性,从而使Mn-Ce复合氧化物在甲苯催化氧化中展现出优异的催化性能。研究结果为新型高效降解VOCs催化材料的设计和开发提供了新思路。     

Virus retention and transport through Al-oxide coated sand columns: effects of ionic strength and composition

Knowledge of the factors that influence the fate and transport of viruses in porous media is very important for accurately determining groundwater vulnerability and for developing protective regulations. In this study, six saturated sand column experiments were performed to examine the effects of a positively charged Al-oxide, which was coated on sand particles, on the retention and transport of viruses (phiX174 and MS-2) in background solutions of different ionic strength and composition. We found that the Al-oxide coating on sand significantly removed viruses during their transport in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Mass balance calculations showed that 34% of the input MS-2 was inactivated/irreversibly sorbed on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand whereas 100% of phiX174 was recovered. Results from this study also indicated that higher ionic strength facilitated the transport of both phiX174 and MS-2 through the Al-oxide coated sand. This was attributed to the effect of ion shielding, which at higher ionic strength decreased the electrostatic attraction between the viral particles and the sand surface and consequently decreased virus sorption. Strong effect of the ionic strength indicates that an outer-sphere complexation mechanism was responsible for the virus sorption on the Al-oxide coated sand. Ion composition of the background solutions was also found to be a significant factor in influencing virus retention and transport. Virus transport was enhanced in the presence of phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) as compared to bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), and the effect of HPO(4)(2-) was more significant on MS-2 than on phiX174. The presence of bivalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) increased virus transport because the cations partially screened the negative charges on the viruses therefore decreased the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sand surface and the negatively charged viruses. Mass recovery data indicated that bivalent cations gave rise to a certain degree of inactivation/irreversibly sorption of phiX174 on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand. On the contrary, the bivalent cations appeared to have protected MS-2 from inactivation/irreversibly sorption. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms responsible for virus retention and transport in porous media.     

Land-use dynamics and landscape pattern change in a coastal gulf region,southeast China

This study quantitatively analyzed spatiotemporal changes in land use and landscape pattern in a coastal gulf region of southeast China by comparing classified satellite images from 1988, 2002, and 2007, using a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and landscape pattern metrics. The results show an increase in cropland, built-up area, and aquaculture area and a decrease in orchards, woodland, and beach area during 1988–2007. Over the study period, 64.3% of newly-expanded cropland was from woodland; newly-expanded built-up area of 34.8, 27.2, and 20.4% was converted from cropland, woodland, and beach areas, respectively; and newly-expanded aquaculture increased by 45.1 and 29.4% from beach and water body areas, respectively. Trend analysis of landscape pattern metrics demonstrates fragmentation of the landscape, with landscape pattern structure becoming more complex over the last two decades in the Louyuan Gulf region. Urbanization and policy developed to transfer beach/seawater areas into built-up area/aquaculture are the two main driving forces contributing to dynamic changes in land use and landscape pattern in the last two decades in Louyuan.     

不同类型表面活性剂对三氯乙烯的增溶作用

考察不同类型的表面活性剂对三氯乙烯(TCE)的增溶作用.选用阴离子型十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子型聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚(TX100)、阳离子型十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和脂肽,研究表面活性剂对三氯乙烯的增溶能力.结果表明,5种表面活性剂浓度在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上时,TCE在水相中的表观溶解度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而线性增大.质量增溶比(WSR)和摩尔增溶比(MSR)为鼠李糖脂>脂肽>CTAB>TX100>SDS.在各表面活性剂溶液中,所用的各表面活性剂质量浓度顺序为SDS#TX100=CTAB#鼠李糖脂=脂肽,两种生物表面活性剂的质量浓度仅为SDS的1%,但生物表面活性剂对TCE的饱和增溶容量有更好的提高效果.因此,相比之下,生物表面活性剂对TCE的增溶能力较强,其中以鼠李糖脂为最佳,而在化学合成表面活性剂中阳离子表面活性剂CTAB增溶TCE的效果最优.     

湘东丘陵区不同类型土壤活性碳组分的剖面分布与差异

土壤活性碳组分是土壤健康变化的指示器。选取湘东丘陵区3种不同母质发育的林地土壤（紫色土、板岩红壤和花岗岩红壤）,研究土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的剖面分布规律,并分析POC、DOC与土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤质地的关系。结果表明：土壤剖面POC、DOC质量分数分别介于0．29～3．87g·kg。和15．01～311．34mg·kg^-1,随剖面加深而大幅降低。土壤剖面POC储量介于8．61一16．54t·hm^-2,以花岗岩红壤最高,板岩红壤最低;而DOC储量介于380．76～1184．83kg·hm^-2,以板岩红壤最高,紫色土最低。POC占SOC的比例（POC／SOC）介于6．42％～46．25％,其中紫色土和板岩红壤POC／SOC随土层加深而降低,而花岗岩红壤则完全相反。DOC占SOC的比例（DOC／SOC）介于O．35％～3．02％,其中紫色土DOC／SOC随土层加深而降低,板岩红壤与花岗岩红壤DOC／SOC则以B层最高。由此可见,不同母质发育的土壤类型,碳库质量和脆弱程度不一。从维持地力和环境健康的角度,应对不同母质发育的土壤制定不同的开发利用方案。     

血清中二噁英测定方法的优化

以国内外文献及标准方法为基础,优化了血清中17种2、3、7、8位取代的PCDD/Fs的测定方法,建立了同位素内标稀释-索式萃取一段法层析柱净化-高分辨气质联用分析方法.实验结果表明,17种2、3、7、8位取代的PCDD/Fs的方法检出限范围为3.72—14.74 pg.基质加标实验中目标化合物回收率为94.61%—117.14%,标准参考物质SRM1958中PCDD/Fs的多数单体测定结果也在参考值范围内.实际样品同位素内标回收率为66.2%—95.2%,RSD是4.0%—9.0%.该分析方法准确可靠、灵敏、操作简便,适用于血清中二噁英的测定.     

四氨基钴酞菁催化产生活性氧的性能

四氨基钴酞菁作为一种有前途的可见光催化剂,可光敏化为三线态,与溶液中的O2反应产生活性氧.实验考察了反应过程中的光照时间、光敏剂质量、光照强度和pH等4个因素对活性氧产生的影响,同时确定了一种简单可行的检测方法:活性氧与卡巴肼(DPCI)反应,生成卡巴腙(DPCO),以苯-四氯化碳萃取,在563 nm处测其吸光度,从而表示出活性氧的相对产量.实验优化了四氨基钴酞菁催化产生活性氧的条件:于50 mL的溶液中,光照时间为25 min,光敏剂质量为5 mg,光照强度为60 W,pH值为4.同时证明了在反应体系中生成了自由基和单线态氧等活性氧,并且对光催化产生活性氧的机理进行了探讨.     

电气柜疲劳强度校核及结构优化

针对多孔闭孔型发泡硅橡胶D型空心密封条的超弹性特性,通过试验找出了密封条回弹力与压缩量之间的关系,提出了密封条满足IP X5的判别方程式,同时对方程式进行了试验验证,最后对密封条进行了阿累尼乌斯图寿命推算,为变流器柜门IP防护设计提供了重要参考。