使用撬装式生物反应器处理含油污泥的现场试验

以长庆油田华池作业区93#井场的修井油泥为对象,添加石油降解菌剂、营养盐、膨松剂,使用撬装式生物反应器控制反应温度及提供全面的机械搅拌增进溶氧量与营养物质的传递速率,对初始含油量为7.24%的含油污泥进行24d的生物强化降解后,含油量下降为0.23%。结果表明,使用撬装式生物反应器可以使微生物快速高效的降解石油污染物,...     

Fate estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in a rapid urbanization region, Shenzhen of China

Our previous study indicated that the current level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shenzhen soil is in the low-end of world soil PAH pollution. In this study, the fate of PAHs in the soil of Shenzhen was investigated. The mass inventories of Σ(27)PAHs and Σ(15)PAHs (defined as the sum of the 27 or 15 PAH compounds sought) in topsoil of Shenzhen were ～204 and ～152 metric tons, respectively. Fate estimation of Σ(15)PAHs shows that air-soil gaseous exchange is the primary environmental process with ～10,076 kg/year diffusing from soil to air. Rain washing (～1131 kg/year from air to soil) is the most important input pathway followed by wet (～17 kg/year) and dry deposition (～8 kg/year) to soils in Shenzhen. The transport of Σ(15)PAHs by soil erosion is a crucial loss process for soil PAHs in Shenzhen (1918 kg/year for water runoff and 657 kg/year for solid runoff from soil). Moreover, degradation is not ignorable at present (95 kg/year). Comparison of inventory and residue (defined as Σ(15)PAHs left in topsoils after all environmental loss processes) suggested that input and loss of high molecular weight PAHs for Shenzhen's soil reached apparent equilibrium. Soil PAH pollution in Shenzhen will stay in a quasi-steady state for a long period and the natural environmental processes can not significantly reduce the pollution.     

中国居民膳食结构升级、国际贸易与粮食安全

目前,中国居民膳食消费水平与结构正在由温饱型向全面小康型转变,形式上表现为由“粮菜型”向“粮肉菜果”多元型和由传统家庭烹饪型向现代便捷型转变。膳食消费结构和水平的改变将影响未来中国的粮食消费量。以中国台湾居民的膳食消费发展规律判断,目前中国大陆居民的膳食消费水平距离富裕水平下的稳定状态整体差距超过50%,肉禽类差距超过一倍。而2018年中国粮食表观自给率已经下降到了85%,大豆自给率仅为15%,虚拟耕地自给率仅为72.6%。在食物消费达到富裕稳定态时,中国不仅需要进口大量的蛋白饲料,还可能需要进口相当数量的能量饲料。基本结论为：仅仅依靠中国本土的农业生产资源已难以维持全面小康水平下的本土农产品需求,发展到富裕水平短缺将会更甚,依赖国际市场是必然需求。从维护生态环境的角度讲,在农产品进口贸易上可多考虑进口动物性产品,适当放开粮食类产品进口数量,自己生产水果、蔬菜等类的农产品。     

中国生猪耗粮系数时空演变特征

当代中国,生猪饲料粮的生产与消费已经逐渐成为影响我国粮食安全保障的重要问题。耗粮系数是合理测算饲料粮需求量的核心,厘清其时空演变特征对准确测算饲料粮数量具有重要意义。通过着重测算2000—2018年中国不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数,探讨其时空演变特征及可能原因,得到以下主要结论：（1）近年来我国生猪耗粮系数呈现出明显的上升趋势,由2000年的2.39上升至2018年的2.76,年均增长0.023。（2）不同规模饲养生猪耗粮系数的差距逐渐缩小,主要受到饲养过程中使用的精饲料占比变化趋同的影响。（3）大规模饲养生猪的粮食转化效率和时间效率均高于其他规模。（4）散养生猪的耗粮系数在空间上呈现“南北高,中部低”,其他规模则呈现“北高南低,中部高东西低”的格局。从提高粮食利用效率的角度,我国生猪养殖宜继续推动大规模饲养。     

海拉尔盆地地下水铀的分布特征及富集规律

通过采集海拉尔盆地地表水样品12件,地下水样品67件,运用Durov图、等值线图和铀形态计算理论,结合数理统计方法,分析研究区域地下水铀的分布特征和赋存形态,结果表明:海拉尔盆地赫尔洪德凹陷地区主要为HCO₃-Ca·Na型,蹉岗隆起、乌尔逊凹陷和贝尔凹陷地区主要为Cl-Na型和HCO₃-Na型,巴彦山隆起地区主要为HCO₃-Na型,红旗牧场和新宝力格凹陷主要为Cl-Na型.研究区域铀的分布范围为17~425μg/L,平均值为80μg/L,标准偏差为70μg/L,引发了区域地源性地下水铀污染问题.地下水中以UO₂(CO₃)₃^4-和UO₂(CO₃)₂^2-的主要形式存在,与Eh表现的氧化还原环境具有一致性,其中呼伦贝尔湖东南部属于地下水铀成矿有利区域.潜在铀成矿范围属于重碳酸铀酰占优势的HCO₃型含铀地下水,铀酰碳酸盐复合物应占主导地位,铀的溶解与HCO₃^-的增加有关,地下水中的铀存在参与碳酸盐岩和硫酸盐岩的混合溶滤作用的可能性,UO₂(CO₃)₃^4-、UO₂(CO₃)₂^2-、U₄O₉和沥青铀矿等处于饱和状态,总Fe和(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)浓度较低,各种水化学指标对铀富集具有指示意义,因此可将其视为潜在铀源的参考依据.     

基于TEM-EDS对四川盆地大气单颗粒气溶胶的研究

为了解四川盆地大气中单颗粒气溶胶理化特征,分别在该区域典型城市（成都市）和背景地区（峨眉山）进行了大气单颗粒样品采集.基于带能谱的透射电子显微镜（TEM-EDS）对两地累计3923个单颗粒的化学组成、形貌特征及混合状态等进行了全面观测和分析,并对两地颗粒物差异性进行了对比分析.结果发现：两地气溶胶颗粒主要包括有机物、富硫、矿物、烟尘和飞灰/金属颗粒,除了以单独的外混形式存在外,大多数颗粒以两种及两种以上颗粒类型混合（即内混）形式存在.通过对成都市不同污染状况下单颗粒特征对比发现,"污染天"的内混颗粒占比高于"清洁天",分别为74.2%和68.6%;相比"清洁天","污染天"颗粒物粒径分布范围更广且峰值区间更大,表明污染过程中颗粒物的大气混合趋于更强.对比成都市与峨眉山分析结果得知,成都市以内混的有机物-硫颗粒为主导（占比为50.2%）,而峨眉山以外混的有机物颗粒为主导（占比为50.5%）;成都市含硫类颗粒物（如有机物-硫颗粒）贡献高于峨眉山,而峨眉山两种含碳类颗粒（如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒）占比高于成都市;此外,成都市与峨眉山两地大气颗粒物粒径分布范围及峰值区间均存在一定差异,进一步体现了两地颗粒物来源和老化混合的差异.在峨眉山,与非降雨天相比,一些易溶于水的颗粒物（如含硫类颗粒）在降雨天占比明显降低,而源自当地燃烧过程、粒径较小且疏水性强的颗粒物（如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒）占比相应升高.     

Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOC_S, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM₁₀ and SO₂, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH₃ and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH₃) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

Chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM2.5 in wintertime in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan

The chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM_2.5 were analyzed at the urban sites of Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2019. Carbonaceous species, water soluble ions, and metal elements were measured to investigate the chemical composition and sources of PM_2.5. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was measured to evaluate the oxidative potential of PM_2.5. Both cities showed a high exposure risk of PM_2.5 regarding its oxidative potential (DTT_v). Carbonaceous and some of the elemental species of PM_2.5 correlated well with DTT_v in both Lahore and Peshawar. Besides, the DTT_v of PM_2.5 in Lahore showed significant positive correlation with most of the measured water soluble ions, however, ions were DTT-inactive in Peshawar. Due to the higher proportions of carbonaceous species and metal elements, Peshawar showed higher mass-normalized DTT activity of PM_2.5 compared to Lahore although the average PM_2.5 concentration in Peshawar was lower. The high concentrations of toxic metals also posed serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the residents of both cities. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression was applied to investigate different source contributions to PM_2.5 and its oxidative potential. Mixed sources of traffic and road dust resuspension and coal combustion, direct vehicle emission, and biomass burning and formation of secondary aerosol were identified as the major sources of PM_2.5 in both cities. The findings of this study provide important data for evaluation of the potential health risks of PM_2.5 and for formulation of efficient control strategies in major cities of Pakistan.     

油田井口加热炉烟尘排放超标原因分析及治理方法

针对井口加热炉燃用套管气出现的烟尘排放超标问题,从燃烧方式及燃料组成方面分析发现,加热炉所采用的扩散式燃烧,火焰面燃料侧缺少氧气,燃料产生热分解生成炭黑颗粒;另外,套管气含有大量的重碳烷烃,其稳定性差、分解温度低,加剧了热分解反应。因此,控制套管气质量和改变燃烧方式是治理烟尘排放超标的基本途径。但是井口加装轻烃回收装置,分离出套管气中的重碳烷烃,成本高不可行。最终,基于预混燃烧理论,设计了双调风预混燃烧装置,现场实施结果表明,不仅烟尘排放降低了87.8%,而且NOx排放降低了58.6%、热效率提升了8.2%。实践证明,预混燃烧是治理井口加热炉烟尘排放超标的有效方法。