Anatomical localization and stereoisomeric composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> aggregation pheromones

We report that the abdominal epidermis and associated tissues are the predominant sources of male-produced pheromones in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and, for the first time, describe the stereoisomeric composition of the natural blend of isomers of the aggregation pheromone 4,8-dimethyldecanal (DMD) in this important pest species. Quantitative analyses via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that the average amount of DMD released daily by single feeding males of T. castaneum was 878 ± 72 ng (SE). Analysis of different body parts identified the abdominal epidermis as the major source of aggregation pheromone; the thorax was a minor source, while no DMD was detectable in the head. No internal organs or obvious male-specific glands were associated with pheromone deposition. Complete separation of all four stereoisomers of DMD was achieved following oxidation to the corresponding acid, derivatization with (1R, 2R)- and (1S, 2S)-2-(anthracene-2,3-dicarboximido)cyclohexanol to diastereomeric esters, and their separation on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at −54°C. Analysis of the hexane eluate from Porapak-Q-collected volatiles from feeding males revealed the presence of all four isomers (4R,8R)/(4R,8S)/(4S,8R)/(4S,8S) at a ratio of approximately 4:4:1:1. A walking orientation bioassay in a wind tunnel with various blends of the four synthetic isomers further indicated that the attractive potency of the reconstituted natural blend of 4:4:1:1 was equivalent to that of the natural pheromone and greater than that of the 1:1 blend of (4R,8R)/(4R,8S) used in commercial lures.     

Forming a tough shell via an intracellular matrix and cellular junctions in the tail epidermis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oikopleura dioica</Emphasis> (Chordata: Tunicata: Appendicularia)

A postanal tail is a major synapomorphy of the phylum Chordata, which is composed of three subphyla: Vertebrata, Cephalochordata, and Tunicata (Urochordata). Among tunicates, appendicularians are the only group that retains the tail in the adult, and the adult tail functions in locomotion and feeding in combination with a cellulose-based house structure. Given the phylogenetic position of tunicates, the appendicularian adult tail may possess ancestral features of the chordate tail. We assess the ultrastructural development of the tail epidermis of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica. The epidermis of the larval tail is enclosed by the larval envelope, which is a thin sheet similar to the outer tunic layer of ascidian larvae. The epidermis of the adult tail seems to bear no tunic-like cellulosic integuments, and the tail fin is a simple folding of the epidermis. Every epidermal cell, except for the triangular cells at the edge of the tail fin, has a conspicuous matrix layer of fibrous content in the apical cytoplasm without enclosing membranes. The epidermis of the larval tail does not have a fibrous matrix layer, suggesting the production of the layer during larval development and metamorphosis. Zonulae adhaerentes firmly bind the epidermal cells of the adult tail to one another, and the dense microfilaments lining the cell borders constitute a mechanical support for the cell membranes. The intracellular matrix, cell junctions, and cytoskeletons probably make the tail epidermis a tough, flexible shell supporting the active beating of the oikopleuran adult tail.     

以生态足迹法分析评估抚顺市可持续发展

在介绍生态足迹理论和计算模型的基础上,对抚顺市2007年的可持续发展状态进行了实例计算和分析,结果表明抚顺2007年的生态赤字为4.986 3hm2,其城市处于非可持续发展的状态.在此基础上,提出了促进抚顺可持续发展的建议.     

城镇环境规划

文章主要探讨了编制小城镇环境规划的理论基础、指标体系、主要内容、城镇环境专题规划及其技术方法,重点对空气污染防治规划、水环境专题规划、噪声污染控制规划和城镇固体废物处理及处置专题规划作了具体分析,论证了正确处理城镇发展与环境保护之间的关系。改善城镇环境质量,促进城镇生态系统的良性循环,实现城镇的可持续发展,已成为各国政府环境保护工作的重点。     

不同碳源在污水处理过程中的变化规律研究

通过对A2/O污水处理工艺长期的分析监测,探明了城市污水处理厂原水中有机物不同生物降解性及碳源赋存形态比例.原水中大部分有机物以颗粒态存在,占进水有机物的61%.原水中快速、慢速、难生物降解有机物比例分别为15.8%、54.2%和30%,快速生物降解有机物主要以溶解态存在,慢速生物降解有机物则主要以颗粒态存在.通过快速、慢速生物降解有机物的沿程监测分析,明确了两种碳源在污水处理过程中的变化规律,厌氧池与缺氧池内均存在微生物水解发酵引起的慢速生物降解有机物的转化作用,其中厌氧反应池的转化效率最高.分析计算了污水处理过程中不同碳源的转化,明确了快慢速有机物在各单元的转化和利用情况,结果指出,2 h内慢速生物降解有机物在厌氧池与好氧池转化率分别为33%和20%.从脂肪酸的种类及含量来说,厌氧池与缺氧池的脂肪酸的种类及含量均高于原水.     

孔雀石绿高效脱色菌株的筛选、鉴定与脱色特性研究

孔雀石绿应用广泛,但难以降解且对许多生物都具有致癌致畸性.从浙江温州皮革厂污泥中分离筛选到1株孔雀石绿高效脱色菌株DH-9,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,该菌株属于Enterabacter sp.属.单因素实验结果表明:当pH值在3.0~9.0时,培养24 h以后,该菌株对孔雀石绿的脱色率均在90%以上;脱色的最适温度范围为30~40℃;多数所测试碳源对脱色没有显著影响,而多数所测试氮源则对脱色有显著的促进作用;所测金属离子中,仅Cu2+和Fe3+对脱色有显著的抑制效应;此外,当接种量达到3%(V∶V,菌体干重约0.23 g·L-1)以后,12 h的脱色率即可达到90%以上.响应面设计实验结果显示,菌株DH-9对孔雀石绿脱色的最优操作条件为:pH 6.0、1.0 g·L-1的半乳糖、1.0 g·L-1的酵母粉、3.0 mmol·L-1的氯化钙以及培养温度为34.5℃.验证实验结果表明:在最优条件下,该菌株在8 h内对孔雀石绿的脱色率可达99.4%.总体而言,菌株DH-9在孔雀石绿脱色中的实际应用潜能较大.     

某麦芽生产厂废水管理与处理实践研究

麦芽生产过程包括清选、浸麦、发芽、烘干以及除根等工序,废水主要来自于浸麦、发芽等工序。某麦芽生产厂根据麦芽过程用水和废水产生的特点,采用设备改进、加强工艺管理、用水管理、废水回用、提高员工技能等措施,通过源头削减和生产全过程控制,合理调节生产用水,降低生产用水量和废水产生量,麦芽生产水耗指标为2.4 m3水/吨麦芽。麦芽废水采用SBR工艺进行处理,出水水质满足排放标准要求。该麦芽企业废水管理和处理经验为同行业提供了较好的案例。     

热脱附-气相色谱法测定空气中的总挥发性有机化合物研究

建立了热脱附-毛细管气相色谱法测定空气中苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯、对/间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯和十一烷等挥发性有机物的检测方法。九种挥发性有机物在一定浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.997~0.999之间。检出限在0.002~0.005 mg/m3(采样体积1.0 L计)。用该方法检测了企业产生的有机废气及厂区周边环境空气,实验结果表明该方法灵敏度高、操作简单、重现性好、准确可靠,能够满足对实际样品的分析要求。     

我国与国外民间直升机救援的比较研究

本文通过对国外和我国民间直升机的救援现状进行分析,从救援装备、专业人才、基础设施、政策法规、运营模式等方面做了对比研究,发现我国在各方面都存在较大差距,提出了构建我国民间直升机救援体系的具体措施。     

微生物燃料电池处理含S2-/NH4+废水的研究

以除硫硝化微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含S~(2-)/NH_4~+的模拟无机废水,研究了不同进水S~(2-)浓度下MFC的产电性能、污染物去除效果和阳极室硫累积情况.结果表明,除硫硝化MFC可实现同步阳极除硫和阴极硝化,并通过非生物电化学作用和生物电化学作用共同产电.进水S~(2-)浓度为(60.8±2.9)、(131.7±2.4)、(161.7±4.5)和(198.1±3.1)mg·L~(-1)时,最佳阳极碳刷清洗周期分别为3、3、3、4个换水周期,前3个进水浓度下的换水周期可分别缩短为6、8和8 h.MFC阴极硝化完全,不受进水S~(2-)浓度影响,但氧从阴极向阳极的渗漏导致阳极库仑效率较低(40%).适当增加进水S~(2-)浓度可增强MFC的产电性能并提高S~(2-)去除负荷和颗粒硫累积比.除硫硝化MFC适宜的进水S~(2-)浓度为(161.7±4.5)mg·L~(-1),相应的最大功率密度为5.77 W·m~(-3),周期产电量为(141.0±5.2)C,S~(2-)去除负荷为(0.31±0.00)g·L~(-1)·d~(-1),颗粒硫累积比达58%.阳极碳纤维丝上沉积有粒径约100 nm的颗粒硫.阳极悬浮物与沉积物相比,悬浮物中S0含量比例较高,而S6+含量比例较低.