中国环境风险现状及发展趋势分析

基于国内2000-2009年以来环境污染事故统计资料,深入分析了中国现阶段环境风险类型、事故高发区域、事故损失、环境风险事故诱因等特征,并对其环境风险演变趋势进行了判断。新时期中国经济增长方式处于转变阶段,以布局型环境隐患和结构型环境风险为首要威胁,风险类型更加复杂化,事故影响范围进一步扩大,由于居民消费转型与科技发展带来的新型环境风险更是不可预知,环境风险压力进一步增大。     

锦州市近十年降水现状调查分析

根据锦州市环境监测中心站的大气资料,通过对其3个采样点,从2001年到2010年共10年的监测数据进行综合分析,结果表明锦州地区酸雨多出现在5、6、7月,以SO42-、NO3-和NH4+、Ca2+为主要污染离子,体现了大气降水煤烟型污染的特点。通过对数据的综合分析,研究锦州市降水现状及发展变化趋势,分析了酸雨的成因并提出了酸雨控制的对策。     

河道溢油事故环境风险评价中若干关键问题探讨

河道溢油事故已成为内河道突发性水环境污染的主要问题之一,尤其水源地突发性污染事件日益增多,对社会、经济和河道生态环境造成严重的不良影响。新建的水上项目必须通过溢油风险评价来分析项目建设投产后对周边的环境影响,目前溢油风险评价尚无统一的方法,且风险分析不够深入。本文基于国内外经典的油膜动力学模型及统计学等理论,明确溢油事故环境风险评价中事故源强、事故概率、溢油油膜影响范围、风险应急时间以及水厂吸水口关闭时间等几个关键问题的分析方法,以期进一步提高河道溢油事故的环境风险评价水平。     

北京市门头沟区生态安全评估及预测

为研究和预测北京市门头沟地区生态安全形势,并在实践中为生态安全评价提供理论依据,在生态环境管理的方法论基础上,根据统计年鉴,采用压力状态响应模型建立生态安全指标体系,以不安全指数法对指标实际值归一化,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,采用加权指数法计算生态安全综合值,评价了门头沟区3年的生态安全状况。结果表明:门头沟地区2006-2008年3年期间,生态安全综合指数分别为:0.6192、0.639 3、0.6395。显示生态安全综合值缓慢上升,生态安全越来越好,但是仍然处于较不安全状态。指出其主要原因有经济欠发达、自然资源缺乏、人口众多等。建议该地区加快产业结构调整、改变增长方式、控制人口、提高土地利用率,保护环境并治理污染。     

Detection Method for Avian Influenza Viruses in Water

Recent events have shown that humans may become infected with some pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (AIV). Since soil and water, including lakes, rivers, and seashores, may be contaminated by AIV excreted by birds, effective methods are needed for monitoring water for emerging viruses. Combining water filtration with molecular methods such as PCR is a fast and effective way for detecting viruses. The objective of this study was to apply a convenient method for the detection of AIV in natural water samples. Distilled water and lake, river, and seawater were artificially contaminated with AIV (H5N3) and passed through a filter system. AIV was detected from filter membrane by real-time RT-PCR. The performance of Zetapor, SMWP, and Sartobind D5F membranes in recovering influenza viruses was first evaluated using contaminated distilled water. SWMP, which gave the highest virus recoveries, was then compared with a pre-filter combined GF/F filter membrane in a trial using natural water samples. In this study, the cellulose membrane SMWP was found to be practical for recovery of AIVs in water. Viral yields varied between 62.1 and 65.9% in distilled water and between 1 and 16.7% in natural water samples. The borosilicate glass membrane GF/F combined with pre-filter was also feasible in filtering natural water samples with viral yields from 1.98 to 7.33%. The methods described can be used for monitoring fresh and seawater samples for the presence of AIV and to determine the source of AIV transmission in an outbreak situation.     

Prevalence of Norovirus Infection in Children and Adults with Acute Gastroenteritis,Tehran, Iran, 2008–2009

Noroviruses are one of important agents that cause acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. These viruses are belonging to Caliciviridae family and are genetically diverse. To date, there is no valuable data about prevalence of norovirus infection and the dominant genogroup/genotype among Iranian population. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of norovirus infection in Iranian patients with gastroenteritis referred to three hospitals of Tehran and to specify the dominant genogroup/genotype of this virus among our study population. A total of 293 patients with acute gastroenteritis were included in the study. Detection of norovirus was performed using RT-PCR method and confirmed by direct sequencing with specific designed primers for capsid region of norovirus genome. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. Norovirus strains identified in our study were subsequently categorized according to previously defined genogroup/genotypes. Of these, norovirus GII was dominant genogroup. Sixty-five percent (17 of 26) of positive samples were determined as GII and 35% (9 of 26) were determined as GI, respectively, in 2008–2009. And among 8 sequenced strains of genogroup II the most frequent genotype was GII.3. The results of this study indicated that norovirus must be considered as one of the infectious causes of acute gastroenteritis among Iranian population. We also found that GII.3 is more prevalent in our study population. To the best of our knowledge there is limited data about the role of noroviruses in children and adults’ acute gastroenteritis among Iranian patients and this prevalence and genotyping report of norovirus infection could be remarkable for further studies.     

日本9.0级特大地震应急救援与灾后重建对我国的启示

本文简要阐述了日本9.0级特大地震的应急救援和灾后重建情况,总结其成功经验与失败教训。并详细分析了日本防灾救灾法律体系、防灾救灾组织管理系统和保险制度等。旨在广泛吸纳日本社会在防震减灾方面的成功模式和经验,形成具有中国特色的现代化防震减灾机制,从而进一步加快我国的防震减灾体系的建设。     

我国城乡居民环境维权方式调查分析——以大学生实践及调查问卷为样本

严重的环境污染势必会带来对公民财产和人身的损害。为探寻我国城乡居民环境维权的具体方式,选择了一些地区对其进行了调查。通过调查资料及现场调查内容的汇总分析,发现：不同维权方式、不同的雏权群体、不同环境污染（或生态破坏）类型、不同的环境污染（或生态破坏）的认知度等情形下,会有不同环境维权方式;在环境维权中,公民对政府的依赖性较大;公民理性维权需要政府与相关主体的引导。     

海洋环境中光合色素分析方法研究与应用进展

根据国内外的文献,综述了海洋环境中光合色素分析方法的发展状况,指出了其分析方法在发展过程中创新的主要方面,并对光合色素分析在赤潮监测、藻类的化学分类及生物碳生物量和矿物质通量方面的应用进行了展望。