工业企业集聚区周边土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系与分区管理对策研究

土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系是识别土壤环境污染、指导土壤环境管理及开发利用的有效工具。在土壤环境质量评价方法和国内外标准分析的基础上,提出了建立土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系的基本框架;结合"压力-状态-响应"模型(PSR模型),考虑不同工业区特征污染物,建立了包含通用指标和备选指标的土壤环境质量综合评价指标体系。以此评价指标体系为导向,为指导不同类型工业集聚区科学发展提出了工业区周边土壤环境质量分区管理的对策建议。     

基于格网数据的巢湖流域洪涝灾害损失评估

洪涝灾害是区域可持续发展的巨大威胁之一。随着全球气候变化、城市化进程加快和人口与经济集聚,洪涝灾害的损失日益严重。提出了洪涝灾害损失评估流程,建立基于网格数据的洪涝灾害损失估算模型,厘定各类资产的损失率。以空间网格为计算单元,在2003年洪水监测的基础上,应用GIS空间分析技术,对2003年巢湖流域的洪涝灾害损失进行了估算。结果表明：巢湖流域总淹没面积2 12504 km2,水田淹没面积最大,为1 71924 km2,洪涝灾害损失总值为194 828万元,无为、合肥、庐江县等洪涝灾害损失较大,舒城和肥西县损失较小。通过验证,该模型效果较好     

UV_(254)在煤制气废水处理中的指示作用

鉴于UV254具有操作简单、测定速度快、成本低和重现性好等优点,对UV254在煤制气废水处理中监测与指示作用进行了分析研究。结果表明,煤制气废水水质比较复杂,在各个处理单元中,COD和UV254的相关系数最高仅为0.8328,相关性不高,UV254不适合代替COD作为日常监测指标。在臭氧深度处理煤制气废水的实验中,COD与UV254相关系数为0.9826和0.9812,在煤制气废水处理工艺中沿程COD和UV254相关系数为0.9879。结果表明,在水质一定的情况下进行废水处理过程中,UV254与COD的变化趋势高度一致,具有显著的相关性,UV254可以作为预测COD去除效果的指示指标,这在将在较大程度上节约时间和降低实验成本。     

影响地表水中总磷测定的因素探讨

总磷是评价水质的一项重要指标,现对样品中悬浮物(泥沙)含量、加酸保存样品保存时间与调节pH值对总磷测定的影响进行研究。结果表明,随着沉降时间的延长总磷测定值逐渐降低,加酸保存的样品总磷测定值随保存时间的延长而增高,且测定时是否调回中性对测定结果基本无影响。故进行地表水中总磷的测定需严格按照标准规定的样品采样过程控制采样沉降时间,加酸保存,24 h以内进行测定,测定时无需调回中性。     

Identification of soil contamination hotspots with veterinary antibiotics using heavy metal concentrations and leaching data—a field study in China

In regions with high livestock densities, the usage of antibiotics and metals for veterinary purposes or as growth promoters poses a risk in manured soils. We investigated to which degree the concentrations and depth distributions of Cu, Zn, Cr and As could be used as a tracer to discover contaminations with sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Besides, we estimated the potential vertical translocation of antibiotics and compared the results to measured data. In the peri-urban region of Beijing, China, soil was sampled from agricultural fields and a dry riverbed contaminated by organic waste disposal. The antibiotic concentrations reached 110 μg kg^?1 sulfamethazine, 111 μg kg^?1 chlortetracycline and 62 μg kg^?1 enrofloxacin in the topsoil of agricultural fields. Intriguingly, total concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr and As were smaller than 65, 130, 36 and 10 mg kg^?1 in surface soil, respectively, therewith fulfilling Chinese quality standards. Correlations between sulfamethazine concentrations and Cu or Zn suggest that in regions with high manure applications, one might use the frequently existing monitoring data for metals to identify potential pollution hotspots for antibiotics in topsoils. In the subsoils, we found sulfamethazine down to ≥2 m depth on agricultural sites and down to ≥4 m depth in the riverbed. As no translocation of metals was observed, subsoil antibiotic contamination could not be predicted from metal data. Nevertheless, sulfonamide stocks in the subsoil could be estimated with an accuracy of 35–200 % from fertilisation data and potential leaching rates. While this may not be sufficient for precise prediction of antibiotic exposure, it may very well be useful for the pre-identification of risk hotspots for subsequent in-depth assessment studies.     

Dynamics of aeolian desertification and its driving forces in the Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China

Aeolian desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socioeconomic problems in arid, semi-arid, and dry subhumid zones. Understanding desertification processes and causes is important to provide reasonable and effective control measures for preventing desertification. With satellite remote sensing images as data source to assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of desertification from 1975 to 2010 in the Horqin Sandy Land, dynamic changes of aeolian desertification were detected using the human–machine interactive interpretation method. The driving factors of local desertification were analyzed based on natural and socioeconomic data. The results show that aeolian desertified land in the study area covered 30,199 km² in 2010, accounting for 24.1 % of the study area. The total area of aeolian desertified land obviously expanded from 30,884 km² in 1975 to 32,071 km² in 1990, and gradually decreased to 30,199 km² in 2010; aeolian desertified land represented an increasing trend firstly and then decreased. During the past 35 years, the gravity centers of desertified lands that are classified as extremely severe and severe generally migrated to the northeast, whereas those that are moderate and slight migrated to the northwest. The migration distance of severely desertified land was the largest, which indicated the southern desertified lands were improved during the last few decades. In addition, the climatic variation in the past 35 years has been favorable to desertification in the Horqin Sandy Land. Aeolian desertified land rapidly expanded from 1975 to 1990 under the combined effects of climate changes and unreasonable human activities. After the 1990s, the main driving factors responsible for the decrease in desertification were positive human activities, such as the series of antidesertification and ecological restoration projects.     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible parts of vegetables grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburbs of Baoding City,China

With the long-term application of wastewater to vegetable production fields, there is concern about potential health risks of heavy metals contaminating the edible parts of vegetables grown in contaminated soils in the suburban areas of Baoding City, China. The average concentration of elemental Zn in sewage-irrigated soil was the highest (153.77 mg kg⁻¹), followed by Pb (38.35 mg kg⁻¹), Cu (35.06 mg kg⁻¹), Ni (29.81 mg kg⁻¹), and Cd (0.22 mg kg⁻¹) which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the reference soil. The results showed that long-term sewage irrigation had led to a growing accumulation of heavy metals in the soils, especially for Cd, Zn, and Pb. Furthermore, the concentrations of elemental Cd, Zn, and Ni in vegetables (e.g., Beassica pekinensis L., Allium fistulosum L., Spinacia oleracea L.) collected from the wastewater-irrigated soils exceeded the maximum permissible limits, and this also increased the daily intake of metals by food. However, compared with the health risk index of <1 for heavy metals, the ingestion of vegetables from the soils irrigated with sewage effluent posed a low health risk. Nevertheless, heavy metal concentrations should be periodically monitored in vegetables grown in these soils together with the implementation effective remediation technologies to minimize possible impacts on human health.