大气中重金属污染现状及来源研究

总结了近年来的研究成果,通过文献调研对中国大气中重金属污染现状、大气中重金属来源和重金属在环境中的迁移转化途径进行综述,提出为缓解重金属污染的高发态势,保护人群健康,应建立完善的环境污染防治体系,强化大气污染源颗粒物控制来减少重金属在大气环境中的暴露浓度,切断重金属在环境中的污染途径以减少大气传输和沉降,降低由大气-土壤-动植物-人体的重金属暴露健康风险.     

浅谈清洁生产在山东焦化行业中的应用

阐述了在焦化行业开展清洁生产的必要性,结合焦化企业开展清洁生产的实例,从废物最小化和资源化等方面概述了清洁生产技术在焦化行业中的应用;并以山东焦化企业为例论述如何做好清洁生产工作。     

新型聚乙烯填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体的启动研究

研究了新型高密度聚乙烯改良型拉西环填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体的启动过程,重点比较了启动过程中不同的挂膜方式对启动时间及效能的影响.结果表明,采用液相连续流强化挂膜法成膜时间短,在环境温度20～28℃时7 d可以挂膜成功.在启动过程中,随着工艺参数的突然改变(GRT缩短)和入口浓度波动,液相连续流强化挂膜后反应器的硫化氢去除率更稳定.在进气浓度最高为343 mg/m³时硫化氢去除率稳定在95%以上.试验过程中还发现,将SO₄^2-浓度作为活性污泥驯化完成的监测指标、液相S^2-去除率作为挂膜完成的监测指标更合理.启动结束后,通过2种途径减去喷淋液中的碳源并未影响硫化氢的去除率,这进一步表明生物滴滤床中硫化氢的净化主要由自养菌完成.     

基于自适应遗传小波神经网络的水质评价建模

水环境污染过程的非确定性和非线性,使得传统的水质评价方法存在局限性。为了提高水质评价的准确性,提出了一种基于改进小波神经网络(wavelet neural network,WNN)的水质评价模型。采用自适应遗传算法(adaptive genetic algorithm,AGA)对小波神经网络的初始权值进行优化,再通过小波神经网络算法对网络进行训练,最后对训练好的网络展开测试。仿真结果表明,自适应遗传算法和小波神经网络的结合提高了网络的训练效率,该方法可以用于水质评价建模,并且评价结果具有较高的精度和准确性。     

北京市铁路站场大气颗粒物的特征与来源分析

利用扫描电镜-X射线能谱(SEM-EDX)技术对北京市铁路站场采集的颗粒物的形貌和化学组分进行分析,并利用富集因子法及元素相关性对颗粒物中的各元素来源进行判别。研究结果表明,铁路站场所采集的主要是2μm以下的球形或椭球形富含S、Br、Zn元素的颗粒,富集因子及元素相关性分析显示,该颗粒物主要来源于铁路机车燃油排放。因此,确定颗粒物的排放源并以此进行控制,对于改善北京铁路站场周围的大气环境具有重要意义。     

淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫阈值研究

为揭示煤炭资源型城市煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫作用的阈值效应,在构建煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫阈值模型的基础上,从土地破坏、地下水资源破坏、大气污染3个维度分析估算了淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务的胁迫阈值,并探究了1990~2016年该地区煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫作用时序变化规律.结果表明：淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务的胁迫作用存在显著的阈值效应,其中,土地破坏、地下水资源破坏、大气污染3大胁迫因子的胁迫阈值分别为1803.19hm²、33253.23×10⁴t和888.81×10⁸m³.1990~2016年淮北市煤炭开采对生态系统服务胁迫作用呈现显著的阶段性特征,其中,1990~2009年该地区煤炭开采所造成的土地破坏、地下水资源破坏、大气污染均未超过阈值范围,生态系统服务运行状况良好;但是在2010年之后,由于该地区煤炭开采造成的地下水资源破坏超出阈值范围,从而导致该地区生态系统服务出现恶化趋势,不过2015年以来恶化趋势有所减缓.因此,该地区必须加快绿色矿区建设,加大生态环境治理力度,着力防范煤炭开采对生态系统服务的胁迫作用超出阈值范围,以保障经济增长与生态环境统筹协调可持续发展.     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.