Comparison of vehicle exhaust emissions from modified diesel fuels

Three diesel fuels, one oil sand-derived (OSD) diesel serving as base fuel, one cetane-enhanced base fuel, and one oxygenate [diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEDM)]-blended base fuel, were tested for their emission characterizations in vehicle exhaust on a light-duty diesel truck that reflects the engine technology of the 1994 North American standard. Both the cetane-enhanced and the oxygenate-blended fuels were able to reduce regulated [CO, particulate matter (PM), total hydrocarbon (THC)] and nonregulated [polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbonyls, and other volatile organic chemicals] emissions, except for nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), compared with the base fuel. Although burning a fuel that contains oxygen could conceivably yield more oxygenated compounds in emissions, the oxygenate-blended diesel fuel resulted in reduced emissions of formaldehyde along with hydrocarbons such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and PAHs. Reductions in nitro-PAH emissions have been observed in both the cetane-enhanced and oxygenated fuels. This further demonstrates the benefits of using a cetane enhancer and the oxygenated fuel component.     

Simultaneous removal of nitrogen oxide/nitrogen dioxide/sulfur dioxide from gas streams by combined plasma scrubbing technology

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) [nitrogen oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are removed individually in traditional air pollution control technologies. This study proposes a combined plasma scrubbing (CPS) system for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx. CPS consists of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and wet scrubbing in series. DBD is used to generate nonthermal plasmas for converting NO to NO2. The water-soluble NO2 then can be removed by wet scrubbing accompanied with SO2 removal. In this work, CPS was tested with simulated exhausts in the laboratory and with diesel-generator exhausts in the field. Experimental results indicate that DBD is very efficient in converting NO to NO2. More than 90% removal of NO, NOx, and SO2 can be simultaneously achieved with CPS. Both sodium sulfide (Na2S) and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) scrubbing solutions are good for NO2 and SO2 absorption. Energy efficiencies for NOx and SO2 removal are 17 and 18 g/kWh, respectively. The technical feasibility of CPS for simultaneous removal of NO, NO2, and SO2 from gas streams is successfully demonstrated in this study. However, production of carbon monoxide as a side-product (approximately 100 ppm) is found and should be considered.     

亚热带河口潮滩湿地N2O排放对氮硫增强输入的响应

以亚热带区域闽江河口短叶茳芏中、高潮滩湿地为研究对象,于2014年7月至11月进行氮硫增强输入的实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定潮滩湿地中N_2O排放通量,并同步测量相关的环境因子.结果显示,不同潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量对氮硫增强输入的响应存在差异,但总体上看均促进了N_2O的排放.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使中、高潮滩排放通量分别提高了157.97%和236.36%;NO_3~--N输入使中潮滩提高了60.95%,而使高潮滩N_2O排放通量提高了246.77%;SO_4~(2-)-S输入分别使中、高潮滩N_2O通量提高50.68%和87.17%;而N-S复合输入则使中、高潮滩N_2O通量分别增加了84.20%和117.79%.不同的处理组对中、高潮滩的N_2O排放通量的促进作用分别表现为:NH_4~+-NN-SNO_3~--NSO_4~(2-)-S及NO_3~--NNH_4~+-NN-SSO_4~(2-)-S.氮硫增强输入改变了短叶茳芏潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量的变化规律,但除了NH_4~+-N处理对高潮滩N_2O排放通量的影响显著外,其他处理组的影响均未达到显著性水平.中、高潮滩湿地N_2O的排放通量与沉积物温度、含水率具有显著的相关关系,而与电导率相关性不显著.随着全球环境问题的日益严重,系统研究湿地生态系统N_2O排放的机制与规律,对于科学准确的估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要的意义.     

灾害学本科专业设置与教育模式刍议(一)——以考文垂大学灾害学本科专业设置为例

本文参照英国考文垂大学灾害学本科专业教育特征,结合我国的灾害学本科教育现状,探讨灾害学本科专业教育发展问题。建议在我国的高等教育学科设置体系中,将与灾害相关的学科设置由三级学科提升至二级学科,同时在我国高等院校直接设置与灾害相关的专业。     

沉积物与土壤有机质化学发光分析技术研究

文章提出了一种新的快速、现场分析沉积物和土壤中有机质含量以及组成特征的方法。该方法的提出建立在臭氧与沉积物和土壤中有机质发生氧化反应过程中会产生化学发光现象基础上。研究发现,不同沉积物和土壤样品由于组成结构不同,所产生的化学发光动力学曲线具有明显特异性差异。利用这种差异,通过原理试验样机所获取的样品化学发光动力学曲线,文章针对沉积物和土壤中有机质进行了初步的定量、定性含量研究,并结合现有检测方法,验证了臭氧氧化发光分析方法分析沉积物和土壤中有机质的可行性。根据实验中得到的不同沉积物和土壤样品化学发光动力学曲线具有很大信息差异的现象,进一步提出了建立沉积物和土壤中有机质特征编码"有机质指纹"的概念。     

光纤光栅感温火灾探测及报警系统在原油库的应用

1光纤光栅感温火灾探测系统 1．1光纤光栅测温原理 光纤光栅测温法是美国联合技术研究中心于1989年提出的。它是将温度测量和信息传输分开,利用光栅探头测温,采用一般光纤进行信息传输,光栅探头和相连的光纤合称光纤光栅测温。光栅是在一块石英玻璃片上以光刻方式,刻以一系列等宽间距的平行狭缝即条纹     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

Shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands in the West Songnen Plain,China

In the past century, especially the past five decades, the grasslands of the West Songnen Plain, Northeast China, were rapidly converted into croplands and salinized wasteland, and experienced a fragmentation process that is still ongoing. Almost no information is available on the spatial-temporal changes of grasslands in this area. In this study, grassland cover change, agricultural reclamation and salinized wasteland expansion were investigated during the past five decades. Grassland fragmentation was studied based on four landscape metrics. The grassland cover change was detected from a time series of topographic maps from 1954, satellite images of Landsat TM in 1986, 1995, and 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, the land use changes were analyzed using a transition matrix of land use types, while the driving forces were explored according to climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. The results indicated a significant decrease in grassland area. Of the 1 418 945 ha of native grassland in 1954, approximately 64% was removed by 2000, while the number of patches (NP) increased from 865 to 2035 and the mean patch size (MPS) decreased from 1640 ha to 252 ha. During the whole study period, the average annual decrease rate of grassland was 34 894 ha/year. Cropland and salinized wasteland were the two main land use types into which grassland converted. During the past decades, obvious climatic changes occurred, which supplied a favorable potential environment for agricultural development but damaged grassland productivity. On the other hand, population, GDP and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. According to the results, the shrinkage and fragmentation of grasslands may well be explained by socioeconomic development and aided by changing climatic conditions.     

青藏高原典型高寒草甸区土壤有机碳氮的变异特性

本研究应用地统计学的基本原理与方法(半方差分析)对青藏高原典型高寒草甸区0～10 cm土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异性进行了分析.结果表明,0～10 cm的土壤有机碳和全氮的平均含量分别为11.45 g·kg^-1和1.02 g·kg^-1,平均变异系数分别为0.23和0.21,反映出该植被区土壤肥力较为贫瘠.土壤有机碳和全氮随机因素的变异占总空间异质性变异的比率分别为44.7%和49.9%,变异尺度分别为210.9 m和200.1 m,随机因素的影响主要发生在采样尺度＜10 m的范围之内.在该研究区域上土壤有机碳和全氮均表现出空间自相关因素大于随机因素的变异格局;在空间结构的变异上,由土壤内在属性如土壤矿物质、地形等空间自相关因素和人为因素如放牧及工程施工等对土壤表层的践踏引起的随机因素共同起作用,影响程度呈中等水平.     

工业水处理作业中的隐患识别与排除

剖析了中国石化金陵分公司公用工程部供水二工区工业水处理水场设备运行、检修中存在的问题,提出了解决办法。