一种以人为本的城市绿地评价方法及其应用——以南京市城市绿地质量评价为例

文章基于"以人为本"的理念,构建了从使用者角度对城市绿地质量评价的简明指标体系,采用多边形综合指标法及德尔菲法,兼顾科学性和可操作性,并应用该指标体系尝试分析南京市城市绿地质量。结果表明:南京城市绿地总体质量处于一般水平,其中公园绿地和风景名胜与自然保护区绿地质量较高。在各项评价指标中,南京居民对绿地管理质量满意度较低,视觉效果满意度、空间布局满意度较高。该评价体系从使用者角度展现了城市绿地的整体水平并直观反映出城市绿地所存在的问题,可为城市绿地规划与管理以及综合评价指标的构建提供重要的依据与参考。     

粉煤灰合成沸石对Cr~(3+)的去除能力及影响因素研究

研究了粉煤灰合成沸石对废水中Cr~(3+)的去除能力,分析了接触时间、pH、沸石投加量、Cr~(3+)初始浓度、温度等因素对Cr~(3+)过程吸附的影响.试验结果表明,合成沸石的主要成分为一种无名沸石.合成沸石对Cr~(3+)具有较快的吸附速度,吸附过程符合二级反应动力学.在pH 2.0~12.0范围内,合成沸石对Cr~(3+)都具有较高的去除效率.Cr~(3+)去除率随着沸石投加量的增加而增加,随着Cr~(3+)初始浓度的升高而降低.Langmuir等温线模型对吸附数据具有更好的非线性拟合效果,所得最大吸附量为111.7 mg·g-1.热力学研究表明吸附过程为吸热反应.与原沸石相比,利用Na Cl再生后的沸石的Cr~(3+)去除率下降11.42%~14.10%,但仍可循环利用.上述实验结果表明本文合成的沸石具有较好的除Cr~(3+)的应用潜力.     

基于关联向量机回归的水质预测模型

提出了一种基于关联向量机回归的水质时间序列预测模型,并以该模型对氢离子浓度指数(p H值)、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮(NH3-N)4种重要水质指标进行预测.首先采用国家环保部发布的四川攀枝花龙洞水质自动监测数据进行实验,对该模型的有效性进行了验证;然后将关联向量机回归预测模型与支持向量机回归预测模型进行比较.为了比较不同核函数的预测效果,实验中预测模型的核函数分别采用了线性函数和高斯函数.实验结果表明,关联向量机回归模型的预测效果不亚于支持向量机回归模型;且在给出预测值时,还能同时给出预测结果的可信程度.     

陶瓷工业固体废物资源化利用现状

陶瓷制品在生产过程会产生大量固体废物,其中大部分是开裂或变形陶瓷产品、在加工中产生的废料以及陶瓷残次品等。随着陶瓷产量的迅速增长,产生的固体废物日益增加。目前,我国陶瓷工业废物的处理与利用率比较低,致使大量废渣挤占耕地、污染环境,限制了陶瓷工业的发展。陶瓷工业固体废物的处理与利用己成为陶瓷工作者和环境工程技术人员共同关注的问题。主要介绍了陶瓷工业固体废物的来源及分类,目前国内外对于陶瓷工业固体废物资源化利用取得的研究成果。对陶瓷工业固体废物的有效利用,不仅缓和了陶瓷企业面临的环境保护压力,还将有效实现经济社会的可持续发展。     

从废钯/炭催化剂中回收金属钯

采用焚烧—甲酸还原—王水溶渣—结晶—锌粒置换工艺从废钯/炭催化剂中回收金属钯,研究了王水溶渣步骤的反应温度、反应时间及王水加入量对钯回收率的影响.实验结果表明,在反应温度80～90℃、反应时间8.0h、m(钯精渣)∶m(王水)=1∶8的条件下,金属钯的回收率达97.0％左右.     

Distribution of total mercury and methylmercury in lake sediments in Arctic Ny-Ålesund

The toxicities and bioavailabilities of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic systems have made them the subjects of recent research. In this study, we collected a lake sediment core from Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard and analyzed the distributions of THg and MeHg in the sediments. The increased trend of THg was caused by anthropogenic contamination since the 14th century through long-range transportation, especially after the industrial era. However, the peak values of Hg in surface sediment samples could be explained by the increased algal scavenging process in recent decades. All the biogeochemical proxies (e.g., pigments and diatom biomass) revealed recent sharp increases in aquatic primary production due to the current climate warming. Rock-Eval analyses indicated that algal-derived organic matter took up a large portion, and quantitative calculation showed that 89.6-95.8% of the Hg in post-1950 could be explained by scavenging. The distribution of MeHg has a close relationship with total Hg and organic matter. The oxidation-reduction condition is one of the possible factors affecting the methylation rates in H2 lake sediments. Higher algal productivity and organic matter actually led to the increased trend of methylation in the uppermost sediment. This study supports some new key hypotheses on climate-driven factors affecting Hg and MeHg cycling in High Arctic lake sediments.     

石油石化行业环保科技发展面临的形势和任务

文章介绍了石油石化行业规模增长和生产上的新变化给企业环保工作带来的压力,国家环保监管力度的加大和新要求;阐述了石油石化行业当前应当重点发展的环境保护技术,以满足国家有关政策法规标准和污染减排约束性指标要求、控制环境风险和减轻事故后果。     

Trace elements (Cu,Zn, and Hg) and δ<Superscript>13</Superscript>C/δ<Superscript>15</Superscript>N in seabird subfossils from three islands of the South China Sea and its implications

Seabird subfossils were collected on three islands of the Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea. Via elemental analysis, we identified that bird guano was a significant source for heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Hg. Cu and Zn levels in these guano samples are comparable to their levels in wildbird feces, but guano Hg was lower than previously reported. Trophic positions significantly impacted transfer efficiency of heavy metals by seabirds. Despite of a common source, trace elements, as well as stable isotopes (i.e., guano δ¹³C and collagen δ¹⁵N), showed island-specific characteristics. Bird subfossils on larger island had relatively greater metal concentrations and revealed higher trophic positions. Partition of element and isotope levels among the islands suggested that transfer efficacy of seabirds on different islands was different, and bird species were probably unevenly distributed among the islets. Island area is possibly a driving factor for distributions of seabird species.     

Emissions behavior and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from cement kilns in China

The production of cement in China is accompanied by various emissions, such as fine particulate matter, heavy metals, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide…. Moreover, cement kiln presents a potential health risk to its surroundings, linking to emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), in brief dioxins. Flue gas samples were collected from five typical cement kilns during twelve runs and were used to evaluate the levels and distribution of PCDD/Fs in the emissions from cement kilns. The PCDD/Fs concentrations (136 congeners) and I-TEQ values ranged from 2.3 to >40 ng/m³ and 9.3?～?90.8?×?10^?3 ng I-TEQ/m³, respectively, which were lower than the emission standard in China (0.1 ng I-TEQ/m³). In weight units, the dominant congeners were OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, and OCDF; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF is the largest contributor (36–66 %) to the total I-TEQ value of twelve runs. HxCDF and TCDF were the first two most abundant homologue groups (12–85 and 4–52 %), and the homologue concentration decreased with rising chlorine number for PCDDs. In addition, there was no marked difference in homologue profiles when solid wastes (refuse-derived fuel and municipal solid waste) and hazardous wastes (DDT and POPs) were combusted as supplemental fuels. The use of various supplemental fuels had no obvious effect on the fingerprint of PCDD/F homologues. Moreover, there was no significant difference in levels of PCDD/Fs emission due to the diversity of production capacity, which were consistent with reported previously. Air pollution control device had effect on the homologue profiles, and cement system with electrostatic precipitators (ESP) had more fractions of octachloro congeners to the total.     

污泥浓度对微孔曝气氧传质过程的影响

污泥浓度是影响微孔曝气氧传质过程的重要因素之一。在小试及中试规模上,研究了不同污泥浓度对微孔曝气氧传质过程的影响,得出曝气性能随污泥浓度的变化规律。结果表明,当污泥浓度低于2000mg／L时,曝气性能随浓度的增大而增强,在2000～3000mg／L时,KLa达到最大值;当污泥浓度大于2000～3000mg／L时,曝气性能随污泥浓度增大而降低,当污泥浓度大于5000mg／L时,曝气性能急剧降低。这一规律对于在设计和运行中合理确定污水处理中的污泥浓度,在达到处理效果的前提下,尽量降低电耗具有重要意义。