煤及煤矸石中砷的释放

研究了煤及煤矸石中砷的释放特征。采用XRD技术对煤样中的主要矿物成分进行了分析。表征结果显示,煤样中的主要矿物组成为碳酸盐矿物、硅酸盐矿物,以及一定量的SiO2、TiO2、硫化物矿物和硫酸盐矿物。实验结果表明：煤中砷的赋存形态主要以残渣态和硫化物结合态为主;在煤燃烧过程中,当燃烧温度为1 000 ℃时,1号矿井的煤样燃烧后灰渣中的砷含量为1.385 μg/g,砷的释放率为40.10%,2号矿井的煤样燃烧后灰渣中的砷含量为1.531 μg/g,砷的释放率为56.04%;在煤矸石的淋溶过程中,在淋溶液体积为100 mL的条件下,当淋溶液pH为5时淋出液中的ρ（砷）为19.27 μg/L,当淋溶液pH为7时淋出液中的ρ（砷）为7.78 μg/L。     

Estimation methods and monitoring network issues in the quantitative estimation of land-based COD and TN loads entering the sea: a case study in Qingdao City,China

At present, the monitoring network of China cannot provide sufficient data to estimate land-based pollutant loads that enter the sea, and estimation methods are imprecisely used. In this study, the selection of monitoring stations, monitoring frequency, and pollutant load estimation methods was studied in Qingdao City, a typical coastal city in China, taken as an example. Land-based pollutant loads from Qingdao were estimated, and load distribution, density, and composition were analyzed to identify the key pollution source regions (SRs) that need to be monitored and controlled. Results show that the administrative land area of Qingdao can be divided into 25 sea-sink source regions (SSRs). A total of 14 more rivers and 62 industrial enterprises should be monitored to determine the comprehensive pollutant loads of the city. Furthermore, the monitoring frequency of rivers should not be less than three times/year; a monitoring frequency of five or more times is preferable. The findings on pollutant load estimation with the use of different estimation methods substantially vary; estimation results with the use of ratio-based methods were 10 and 22 % higher than those with the use of monitoring-based methods in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. None-point sources contributed the majority of the pollutant loads at about 70 % of the total COD and 60 % of the total TN.     

Improving the correlations of ambient tapered element oscillating microbalance PM2.5 data and SHARP 5030 Federal Equivalent Method in Ontario: A multiple linear regression analysis

Tapered element oscillating microbalances equipped with sample equilibration system (TEOM-SES) used by the province of Ontario for the ambient monitoring of PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) in its air quality index (AQI) network were collocated with the Synchronized Hybrid Ambient Real-time Particulate monitor (SHARP 5030) at two monitoring sites for a period spanning approximately 2 years to determine the similarities and differences between the measurement outputs of both instrumental systems. Due mainly to mass loss observed with the TEOM-SES in cooler months, the province has recently switched its PM_2.5 instrumentation at all stations in its monitoring network from the TEOM-SES to the SHARP 5030, which has the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) Class III designation. Thus, it has become imperative to develop corrections for historical and future TEOM measurements for the purpose of making them more agreeable to the new FEM method. This work details the authors’ multiple linear regression analyses (MLRAs) of particulate matter data from both instrumental monitors, with the inclusion of operational parameters of physicochemical relevance for both cases of transformations of historical TEOM and TEOM measurements to be made in the future. For historical TEOM data, it was observed that the transformations only benefited winter and fall months. Furthermore, comparisons of the transformed historical TEOM data with PM_2.5 concentrations determined from the Federal Reference Method (FRM) sampler at seven locations within the province showed marked improvements over the observed TEOM-FRM comparisons.

Implications:This work provides a path to correcting the historically observed underreporting of particulate mass in winter and fall in Ontario by making the TEOM-based continuous data resemble the new FEM outputs (in this case, more SHARP-like). It is possible that the transformation of mainly winter TEOM data as detailed in this work may potentially lead to revisions in historical annual composite mean PM_2.5 concentrations and total annual number of days PM_2.5 exceeded the Canada-wide Standard (CWS) metric across the province.     

背角无齿蚌对养鱼水体的净化效果

通过建立微型生态系统,研究了不同养殖密度和处理时间条件下,背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对大宗淡水鱼养殖水体理化指标和营养盐的影响及净化特征。研究结果表明,背角无齿蚌对水体p H、CODMn和NH+4-N的影响不明显;电导率、总固溶物、NO-2-N、DTP、PO3-4-P和DOC呈升高的趋势;DO随蚌养殖密度和时间的增加而降低;能够显著降低水体的浊度、Chl-a、TN、NO-3-N和TP含量(P0.05),最大去除率分别为90.9%、90.8%、24.1%、23.1%和23.4%。响应面优化分析显示,蚌养殖密度和处理时间分别为21 ind./m3和15.35 d、25 ind./m3和10 d时,对NO-3-N、TP的去除率可进一步提升至42.6%和35.0%。本研究表明,背角无齿蚌可以用于养鱼水体的水质净化。     

高炉渣制备聚硅酸硫酸铝铁混凝剂

以高炉渣为原料,分别采用酸浸及碱浸-酸化工艺得到铁、铝离子及聚硅酸,再将铁、铝离子引入聚硅酸制得聚硅酸硫酸铝铁(PSAFS)混凝剂。考察了PSAFS的聚合条件对焦化废水混凝效果的影响,并与市售混凝剂进行了对比。实验结果表明:PSAFS的最佳制备条件为n(Al+Fe)∶n(Si)=0.53,混凝剂p H=1,熟化时间0.5 h,熟化温度60℃;PSAFS加入量为4 m L/L时,混凝效果最好,对焦化废水的浊度和COD的去除率分别达到98.9%和74.5%;PSAFS的性能优于市售的3种混凝剂。     

Contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk in Korea: Time-course variation,influencing factors,and exposure assessment

Breast milk is a noninvasive specimen to assess maternal and infant exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). In this study, 206 breast milk samples were collected from 87 participants during lactation, at <7, 15, 30, or 90 days postpartum in four cities in Korea. The total concentrations of PCBs (ΣPCB) and OCPs (ΣOCP) ranged from <LOQ to 84.0 (median: 12.1) ng g⁻¹ lipid weight and from <LOQ to 559 (median: 144) ng g⁻¹ lipid weight, respectively. The residue levels of these contaminants measured in our study were relatively lower than those reported for European, African and Asian populations. Within a month postpartum typically after day seven the levels of ΣPCB and ΣOCP significantly increased. Some OCP compounds were correlated with maternal age, BMI, parity, and delivery mode. Certain types of dietary habits such as seafood and noodle consumption were significantly associated with ΣPCB and ΣOCP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ΣPCB and ΣOCP were 45.2–127 ng kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹ and 625–1259 ng kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹ during lactation, respectively, which are lower than the threshold values proposed by the US EPA and Health Canada. The exposure of Korean infants to chlordanes via breast milk had a potential health risk which deserves further investigation.     

Environmental Issues for the Chinese Strong Aromatic Liquor Industry: an Assessment for the Brewing System

Environmental assessments are often performed for industries due to a lot of issues produced in the processes. However, few studies are reported for environmental assessment of Chinese liquor production. A lot of material consumptions in Chinese liquor industries often bring about serious environmental pollution. Thus, Chinese strong aromatic liquor (CSAL) is taken as a representative for the environmental issues assessment of Chinese liquor industry in view of cleaner production (CP). The assessment is performed for the brewing system of CSAL including three main phases: crude liquor brewing, crude liquor blending, and steam production, which addresses resource and energy consumptions and environmental impacts. The results indicate that, according to the standards of Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, the consumptions of materials and energy are acceptable while the water consumption is higher than the requirement. Moreover, the discharge of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the brewing phase is above the standard requirement and contributes much to eutrophication. The total environmental impacts in the blending phase are less than those in the brewing and steam production phases. In detail, in the brewing phase, high concentration of volatile organic compounds in the wastewater results in the odor threshold values and photochemical ozone creation. In the blending phase, the main environmental impact is eutrophication owing to the wastewater. In the steam production phase, the most and least significant impacts are global warming and soot emission, respectively, wherein waste gas emission is dominated. Cost analysis reveals that when the water consumption and COD discharge meet the requirements according to the CP option, there are plenty of economic and environmental benefits for the CSAL industry. The results confirm that the reform strategies for the Chinese liquor enterprise should be performed to decrease the water consumption, promote the utilization efficiency of water, improve recycle and reuse of by-products, reduce the pollutant discharge, and enhance waste treatment efficiency.     

大气颗粒物样品中主量和痕量元素的直接测定

采用一种新的标样制备方法,用波长色散X射线荧光光谱直接定量分析由微孔滤膜抽滤所吸附和收集的大气颗粒物中主量和痕量无机元素.具有快速、简便、准确和经济等特点.     

Evaluation of groundwater dynamic regime with groundwater depth evaluation indexes

An accurate quantitative evaluation of anthropogenic effects on regional groundwater dynamics is critical to the rational planning, management, and use of such resources and in maintaining the sustainability of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Based on groundwater dynamics, a series of groundwater depth evaluation indexes were created to quantitatively evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater system. These indexes were based on mathematical relationships relating groundwater depth to surface runoff (gammat), precipitation (rhot), and extraction (deltat). The anthropogenic effects on these relationships were evaluated statistically, with respect to both temporal and spatial variation. The anthropogenic effects on groundwater dynamics within the arid Zhangye Basin, located in the middle reaches of northwest China's Heihe River, were investigated. River valley plains in the western portion of the basin excepted, anthropogenic activities have, since 1995, dramatically altered the basin's groundwater dynamics; in particular, in the mid-upper and lower portions of alluvial-diluvial fans and in localized northerly fine-soil plains regions, the relationship of groundwater to surface runoff and atmospheric precipitation has shifted. This and other changes indicate that anthropogenic effects on groundwater systems in this region show clear spatiotemporal variation.     

Developing and evaluating techniques for localizing pollutant emission sources with open-path Fourier transform infrared measurements and wind data

This paper presents the simulation and field evaluation results of two approaches to localize pollutant emission sources with open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy. The first approach combined the plume's peak location information reconstructed from the Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) algorithm and the wind direction data to calculate source projection lines. In the second approach, the plume's peak location was determined with the Monte Carlo methodology by randomly sampling within the beam segment having the largest path-integrated concentration. We first conducted a series of simulation studies to investigate the sensitivity of using different basis functions in the SBFM algorithm. It was found that fitting with the beta and Weibull basis functions generally gave better estimates of the peak locations than with the normal basis function when the plumes were mainly within the OP-FTIR's monitoring line. However, for plumes that were symmetric to the peak position or spread over the OP-FTIR, fitting with the normal basis function gave better performance. In the field experiment, two tracer gases were released simultaneously from two locations and the OP-FTIR collected data downwind from the sources with a maximum beam path length of 97 m. For the first approach, the release locations were within the 0.25- to 0.5-probability area only after the uncertainty of the peak locations was included in the calculation process. The second approach was easy to implement and still performed as satisfactorily as the first approach. The distances from the sources to the best-fit lines (i.e., the regression lines) of the estimated locations were smaller than 10 m.