环境敏感区环保技术措施的研究与实践

文章介绍环境敏感区百重7井区开发过程中的环境保护工作,为尽量降低油田开发过程中对环境的负面影响,对环境保护长效机制进行初步探索。通过油田开发前、钻井过程中、生产运行中、施工作业中各环节的环境保护技术措施的实施,节约了大量清水与天然气,实现了水资源与热能的循环利用,采出液能耗降低,废气与排放量减小。     

废热锅炉水质控制的研究和应用

为保证整套甲醇装置安全平稳长期运行,需要解决在原料负荷低且波动频繁条件下的废热锅炉水质控制问题,吐哈油田公司甲醇厂通过对低负荷工艺条件下废热锅炉给水和炉水水质控制问题进行研究,针对废热锅炉用水水质要求,从给水除氧效果、磷酸根控制、锅炉排污量方面分析了废热锅炉水质不稳定的原因,并提出了针对性的优化措施,实际运行效果表明:优化措施实施后,未出现爆管事故,刺刀外管内壁检查未发现腐蚀及杂质,取得了较好的环境和经济效益。     

川渝地区钻井作业清洁生产技术措施浅析

针对目前钻井作业存在的环境影响问题,提出合理的清洁生产措施,是当前钻井作业环境管理的重要工作内容。通过对川渝地区钻井作业过程中产生的主要污染物及其影响程度分析,提出钻井作业各阶段的清洁生产技术措施,着重对钻井废水、废弃泥浆提出控制、削减措施以及有效的处置方案,减少对周边环境和生态的不利影响,实现绿色勘探开发。     

低密度聚乙烯悬浮接枝马来酸酐工艺废水的回用

在低密度聚乙烯悬浮接枝马来酸酐(MAH)的工艺过程中,分别采用工艺废水直接回用和补加MAH及相应添加剂后再回用的两种回用方式对工艺废水进行资源化利用。实验结果表明,将工艺废水补加MAH及相应添加剂后回用于接枝物的制备过程,所得产物的接枝率稳定在1.30%以上,凝胶含量(质量分数)低于0.018%,熔融指数为10.22~10.37g/10min,产物性能与采用原配方制得产物相近。将工艺废水进行资源化利用,每生产1t接枝产物可节省MAH0.33t,共计节约成本2 880元。     

TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及光催化性能的研究进展

阐述了阳极氧化法制备TiO2纳米管阵列的机理,分析了制备过程中电解液组成、电解液pH、阳极氧化电压、氧化时间、热处理温度及其他操作条件对所制备的TiO2纳米管阵列结构的影响,介绍了能够提高TiO2纳米管阵列催化降解污染物效果的各种手段,并针对目前存在的问题对今后的研究发展提出展望。     

Detection of antibiotic resistance and tetracycline resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Pearl rivers in South China

This study investigated antibiotic resistance profiles and tetracycline resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae family isolates from the Pearl rivers. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates were tested for susceptibility to seven antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline and trimethoprim. In Liuxi reservoir, with an exception to ampicillin resistant strains (11%) no other antibiotic resistance bacterial strains were detected. However, multiple drug resistance in bacterial isolates from the other sites of Pearl rivers was observed which is possibly due to sewage discharge and input from other anthropogenic sources along the rivers. Four tetracycline resistance genes tet A, tet B, tet C and tet D were detected in the isolates from the rivers. The genes tet A and tet B were widely detected with the detection frequencies of 43% and 40% respectively. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant enteric bacteria were also isolated from the pig and duck manures which suggest a wider distribution of human specific drugs in the environment. This investigation provided a baseline data on antibiotic resistance profiles and tetracycline resistance genes in the Pearl rivers delta.     

Supervised neural computing solutions for fluorescence identification of benzimidazole fungicides. Data and decision fusion strategies

Benzimidazole fungicides (BFs) are a type of pesticide of high environmental interest characterized by a heavy fluorescence spectral overlap which complicates its detection in mixtures. In this paper, we present a computational study based on supervised neural networks for a multi-label classification problem. Specifically, backpropagation networks (BPNs) with data fusion and ensemble schemes are used for the simultaneous resolution of difficult multi-fungicide mixtures. We designed, optimized and compared simple BPNs, BPNs with data fusion and BPNs ensembles. The information environment used is made up of synchronous and conventional BF fluorescence spectra. The mixture spectra are not used in the training nor the validation stage. This study allows us to determine the convenience of fusioning the labels of carbendazim and benomyl for the identification of BFs in complex multi-fungicide mixtures.     

EGSB反应器处理产氢发酵液

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器处理产氢发酵液的启动性能进行了研究。结果表明,在温度为（35±1）℃,水力停留时间（HRT）为6h的条件下,逐渐提高进水COD,经过40d连续运行,EGSB反应器启动成功。容积负荷达到14kgCOD／（m3·d）时,COD去除率约为80％,产气量为26．84L／d,甲烷含量为57．9％。     

Carbon dioxide adsorption on amine-impregnated mesoporous materials prepared from spent quartz sand

Mesoporous MCM-41 was synthesized using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic surfactant and spent quartz sand as the silica source. Modification of the mesoporous structure to create an absorbent was then completed using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Amine-Quartz-MCM (The A-Q-MCM) adsorbents were then characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption, elemental analysis (EA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as the carbon dioxide (CO₂) adsorption/desorption performance. In this study, spent quartz sand was utilized to synthesize Quartz-MCM (Q-MCM) and the amine functionalized material, A-Q-MCM, which exhibited a higher uptake of CO₂ at room temperature compared with the nongrafted material. The results showed that Q-MCM is similar to MCM-41 synthesized using commercial methods. The surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter were found to be as high as 1028 m²/g, 0.907 cm³/g, and 3.04 nm, respectively. Under the condition of CO₂ concentration of 5000 ppm, retention time of 50 cc/min, and the dosage of 1 g/cm³, the mean adsorption capacity of CO₂ onto A-Q-MCM was about 89 mg/g, and the nitrogen content of A-Q-MCM was 2.74%. The adsorption equilibrium was modeled well using a Freundlich isotherm.

Implications:In this study, spent quartz sand was utilized to synthesize Q-MCM. The amine functionalized material exhibited a higher uptake of CO₂ at room temperature compared with the nongrafted material. The results showed that Q-MCM is similar to MCM-41 synthesized using commercial methods. The adsorption equilibrium was modeled well using a Freundlich isotherm.     

Quantitative Identification of Disturbance Thresholds in Support of Aquatic Resource Management

The identification of disturbance thresholds is important for many aspects of aquatic resource management, including the establishment of regulatory criteria and the identification of stream reference conditions. A number of quantitative or model-based approaches can be used to identify disturbance thresholds, including nonparametric deviance reduction (NDR), piecewise regression (PR), Bayesian changepoint (BCP), quantile piecewise constant (QPC), and quantile piecewise linear (QPL) approaches. These methods differ in their assumptions regarding the nature of the disturbance-response variable relationship, which can make selecting among the approaches difficult for those unfamiliar with the methods. We first provide an overview of each of the aforementioned approaches for identifying disturbance thresholds, including the types of data for which the approaches are intended. We then compare threshold estimates from each of these approaches to evaluate their robustness using both simulated and empirical datasets. We found that most of the approaches were accurate in estimating thresholds for datasets with drastic changes in responses variable at the disturbance threshold. Conversely, only the PR and QPL approaches performed well for datasets with conditional mean or upper boundary changes in response variables at the disturbance threshold. The most robust threshold identification approach appeared to be the QPL approach; this method provided relatively accurate threshold estimates for most of the evaluated datasets. Because accuracy of disturbance threshold estimates can be affected by a number of factors, we recommend that several steps be followed when attempting to identify disturbance thresholds. These steps include plotting and visually inspecting the disturbance-response data, hypothesizing what mechanisms likely generate the observed pattern in the disturbance-response data, and plotting the estimated threshold in relation to the disturbance-response data to ensure the appropriateness of the threshold estimate.