湖相沉积软土中盾构端头关键控制措施研究∗

湖相沉积软土在昆明地区分布广泛,工程性质极其特殊,在该场地中盾构施工风险性极高,易引发端头失稳, 涌水涌砂灾害,探究软土场地盾构端头施工关键控制措施成为亟待解决的问题。采用经验分析法并引入正交试验对端头加固工艺及加固范围进行分析,得出适用性最优工艺与最优加固范围计算模型,给出各工艺应用建议、端头稳定敏感性排序及加固范围理论解。针对现有洞门密封止水系统涌水涌砂风险较大的问题,提出了一种由三道密封构件与两道主动措施组成的新型永久密封止水系统。将所得结论与创新型止水系统应用于昆明轨道交通 5 号线会宝区间端头,采用 MidasGts 与对数螺旋滑动计算模型对端头土体进行数值模拟与稳定性计算,所得位移云图及安全系数与实际施工情况相吻合,由此实现端头加固范围理论解与工程解的统一。从施工现场来看,新型止水系统应用效果非常理想,有效保证了盾构进出洞安全,可为相似盾构工程设计与施工提供借鉴。     

生物阴极式碳纸隔膜微生物燃料电池的反硝化和产电性能

为了探讨生物阴极式廉价隔膜微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的基本性能,首先以生物反硝化作用为基础构建了生物阴极MFC,并进一步以涂布聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的廉价碳纸代替昂贵的质子交换膜(PEM)构建碳纸隔膜生物阴极式MFC。研究结果显示,对于生物阴极式MFC,阴极室中最适宜反硝化细菌生长的NO-3-N浓度为99.2 mg/L,此时输出电压最高可达0.11 V,1 h内NO-3-N的去除率达到80.0%,COD去除率为62.8%;以涂PTFE的碳纸代替PEM的生物阴极式MFC与有PEM的MFC最高输出电压基本一致(均达到0.22 V,外阻500Ω),但碳纸隔膜MFC的产电更稳定。结果验证了廉价隔膜生物阴极式MFC的可行性,并为其应用于污水脱氮奠定基础。     

采用高效菌提高普通活性污泥系统抗2,4-DCP负荷冲击能力

研究了用于处理生活污水的普通活性污泥反应器(CAS)受到2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)间歇性负荷冲击时,投加高效菌的生物强化系统和对照系统对污染物的响应及系统稳定性,并考察了长期运行过程中强化系统对目标污染物去除能力的变化.结果表明,投加5%和15% 2,4-DCP复合高效菌的强化CAS系统,其对目标污染物的降解能力及抗负荷冲击能力得到显著提高.当系统受到间歇性2,4-DCP负荷冲击[110.37～171.60 mg/(L·d)]时,对于单次投菌后前30日内发生的间歇性负荷冲击,强化系统有效保持了对目标污染物的强化效果;在无2,4-DCP存在的情况下连续运行70d,当系统再次受到2,4-DCP负荷冲击时,强化系统的强化效果与前几次相比已明显下降,不能够快速有效去除污染物并维持系统稳定,因此有必要再次投加高效菌.     

北京大学及周边地区非取暖期植物叶片中的多环芳烃

采集了北京大学校园内及周边交通干线附近6种植物叶片样品,分别测定了叶蜡和叶组织中的多环芳烃含量,同步测定了叶蜡、叶脂、气孔密度等参数,藉以探讨机动车尾气排放对植物叶蜡和叶组织中多环芳烃含量的影响.结果证实:交通干线附近样品叶蜡和叶组织中多环芳烃含量显著高于校园对照.叶蜡中多环芳烃含量较叶组织高1～2个量级.叶蜡和叶组织中16种多环芳烃化合物分布谱相似,但高环化合物更多在叶蜡中聚集,而低环多环芳烃在叶组织中占优.叶蜡多环芳烃含量与单位叶面积中的叶蜡含量成反比,叶组织多环芳烃含量与气孔密度成反比.     

Comparing dark- and photo-Fenton-like degradation of emerging pollutant over photo-switchable Bi2WO6/CuFe2O4: Investigation on dominant reactive oxidation species

The extensive use of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) poses a threat to human health and the aquatic environment. Here, magnetic p-n Bi₂WO₆/CuFe₂O₄ catalyst was fabricated to efficiently remove TCH. The obtained Bi₂WO₆/CuFe₂O₄ exhibited 92.1% TCH degradation efficiency and 50.7% and 35.1% mineralization performance for TCH and raw secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in a photo-Fenton-like system, respectively. The remarkable performance was attributed to the fact that photogenerated electrons accelerated the Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) conversion for the Fenton-like reaction between Fe(II)/Cu(I) and H₂O₂, thereby generating abundant ?OH for pollutant oxidation. Various environmental factors including H₂O₂ concentration, initial pH, catalyst dosage, TCH concentration and inorganic ions were explored. The reactive oxidation species (ROS) quenching results and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra confirmed that ?O₂^? and ?OH were responsible for the dark and photo-Fenton-like systems, respectively. The degradation mechanisms and pathways of TCH were proposed, and the toxicity of products was evaluated. This work contributes a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst and provides a clear mechanistic explanation for the removal of antibiotic pollutants in environmental remediation.     

采用支持向量机算法优化电化学处理油田污水的工艺参数

采用支持向量机(SVM)算法,将Box-Behnken设计法与支持向量回归算法(SVR)实验参数优化软件相结合,优化电化学去除油田污水COD的工艺参数。通过量子粒子群算法对SVM算法参数进行优化,从建立的回归模型中找到工艺参数的全局最佳点:电解时间60 min,电解电流3 A,三维电极填充料中石英砂质量695 g。模型得到的COD理论最优去除率为92.48%,验证实验得到的COD去除率为91.43%。     

CuO/γ-Al2O3类Fenton试剂降解丁基黄药

CuO/γ-Al2O3类Fenton试剂是降解丁基黄药的优良试剂。该试剂与传统的Fenton试剂相比,提高了反应的pH值,可在较高pH(4~5)条件下反应,而传统的Fenton试剂的适宜pH值一般在3以下。采用单因素实验和正交实验相结合的方法研究了pH、催化剂投加量、过氧化氢投加量以及反应时间对丁基黄药降解效果的影响,并对催化剂的使用寿命进行了探讨。研究结果表明,反应的最佳条件为:pH为4~5,催化剂投加量为6 g/L,过氧化氢用量为30 mg/L,反应30min。在此反应条件下,丁基黄药的降解率达98%以上;影响丁基黄药降解效果的因素大小顺序为:pH>反应时间>H2O2用量>催化剂投加量,其中pH对CuO/γ-Al2O3类Fenton试剂降解丁基黄药的影响最为显著。     

Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Improving Air Quality in Jinan, China

Along with the progress of urbanization and environ- mental deterioration, residents’ desire for improved air quality is increasing. In order to quantify an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for improved air quality in Jinan of eastern China, a contingent valuation method (CVM) was employed. A sample of 1,500 residents was chosen on the basis of multistage sampling methods with face-to-face interviews by using a series of hypo-thetical, open-ended scenario questions which were designed to elicit the respondents’ WTP. Results showed that 59.7% of respondents were able to express their WTP and the mean WTP is 100 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person per year. A probit model on the probability of a positive WTP and a regression model were developed to find the relationship between endogenous variables and WTP. Most parameters in the econometric analysis had the expected sign. Annual household income and expenditure on treating respiratory diseases significantly influence WTP. The rates of positive WTP and the monetary amount are larger for men than for women. Results also showed that people who lived in more polluted areas were willing to pay more for clean air. Unlike developed countries, clean air may only be considered as a public good in China in that more than 40% of respondents had no incen- tive to bear the costs of attempting to achieve better air quality, which indicates the relatively low environmental consciousness.     

清洁生产与炼油污水回用

该文分析了福建炼化公司炼油污水现状，提出炼油污水回用的可能方式，并进行了初步探讨。     

产品生命周期环境负荷的研究

产品在原材料的获取．产品的生产．使用和废弃过程中都会对大气．水等造成污染。以产品为对象．利用现有的能源数据库对产品生命周期各环节的环境负荷分布进行研究。研究结果通过中型钢厂的实例可较为方便地计算产品生命周期中因使用燃料而造成的大气污染．为进行产品生态设计，清洁生产提供基础。