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61.
James K. Sheppard Matthew Walenski Michael P. Wallace Juan J. Vargas Velazco Catalina Porras Ronald R. Swaisgood 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(8):1227-1238
Populations of reintroduced California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) develop complex social structures and dynamics to maintain stable group cohesion, and birds that do not successfully integrate into group hierarchies have highly impaired survivability. Consequently, improved understanding of condor socioecology is needed to inform conservation management strategies. We report on the dominance structure of free-ranging condors and identify the causes and consequences of rank in condor populations by matching social status with the behavioral and physical correlates of individual birds. We characterized the hierarchical social structure of wild condor populations as mildly linear, despotic, and dynamic. Condor social groups were not egalitarian and dominance hierarchies regulated competitive access to food resources. Absence of kin-based social groups also indicated that condor social structure is individualistic. Agonistic interactions among condors were strongly unidirectional, but the overall linearity and steepness of their hierarchies was low. Although one aggressive male maintained the highest dominance rank across the 3-year observation period, there was considerable fluidity in social status among condors within middle and lower rank orders. Older condors were more dominant than younger birds and younger males supplanted older females over time to achieve higher status. Dominance rank did not predict the amount of time that a bird spent feeding at a carcass or the frequency that a bird was interrupted while feeding. Thus, younger, less dominant birds are able to obtain sufficient nutrition in wild social populations. 相似文献
62.
Catalina T. Pastor-de-Ward Tamara Rubilar María E. Díaz-de-Vivar Ximena Gonzalez-Pisani Erica Zarate Marina Kroeck Enrique Morsan 《Marine Biology》2007,151(1):205-217
The starfish Cosmasterias lurida was sampled from the pier piles of Almirante Storni in the Golfo Nuevo, northern Patagonia, from November 2001 to November
2003. In this anthropogenically modified site there is an unusually abundant food supply of mussels and large aggregations
of starfishes. The reproductive cycle was studied by organ indices and histological examination of gonads. The highest gonad
index (GI) values were found in the summer (February–March), followed by a drop in GI values, indicating spawning. Histological
analyses indicated that gametogenesis takes place from June to January, sexual maturity occurred during the summer and spawning
occurred in April. The GI and pyloric caeca index (PCI) tended to have an inverse relationship, but this was only statistically
significant in males. However, biochemical analyses of the starfish indicated no transfer of nutrients between pyloric caeca
and gonads in either sex. In fact, simultaneous accumulation of carbohydrates was found in the pyloric caeca and gonads of
both sexes. 相似文献
63.
Kathrin P. Lampert Ximena E. Bernal A. Stanley Rand Ulrich G. Mueller Michael J. Ryan 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(6):796-804
In most sexually reproducing animals, the behavior of one or both sexes during courtship critically influences the success
at mating of the opposite sex. This behavior is often interpreted as “mate choice,” and there is great interest in why such
choices are exercised. The explanation for the evolution of mate choice that has received the most attention and generated
the most controversy is based on assumed genetic effects. In this study, we investigated whether female túngara frogs, which
choose mates based on acoustic cues, have a preference for genetically less related males. Specifically, we determine if there
is disassortive mating based on microsatellite markers, if there is information in the advertisement call that could be used
to assess genetic similarity, and if females exhibit acoustic-based mating preferences that would promote choice for genetic
diversity. Using seven microsatellite markers, we found no correlation of male call similarity and male genetic relatedness.
Female choice experiments showed no female preference for calls of less related males, and there was no evidence for inbreeding
avoidance in the field. Our results do not support the hypothesis of mate choice based on information about genetic relatedness
conveyed by acoustic signals in túngara frogs. 相似文献
64.
The present study deals with sediment dynamics affecting sediment-associated metal distributions in an embayment system experiencing pollution from coastal industries. Sedimentary metal content may originate from diagenetic processes of foundation rock on the bottom, allochthonous minerals from natural sources, and metals from industrial effluents along the coast. The study presents experimental estimations of quantities of metals entering the bay in industrial wastewater, measurements of metal content in particulate material captured in sediment traps, and metals distribution in surface sediments. Quantitative estimations of metals entering the system in industrial effluent showed the relation Pb Zn > Cu > Cr Ni > Cd. That of metals associated with particulate material from traps was Zn > Cr Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and the abundance of metals in sediments was Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. Finally, rates of bottom sediment accumulation are estimated in relation to the time of residence of water in the bay. The experimental data on sedimentation and sediment abundance were consistent with field observations on distribution and accumulation at sites of major sedimentation in this bay. 相似文献
65.
Agricultural landscapes are becoming an important focus of animal conservation, although initiatives to conserve predators to date have rarely provided economic benefits to agricultural producers. We examined whether introduction to vineyards of the New Zealand Falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae), a species listed as threatened by the New Zealand Department of Conservation, affected the abundance of 4 species of Passeriformes that are considered vineyard pests or affected the amount of economic loss due to grape (Vitis vinifera) damage. Three of the species were introduced and remove whole grapes from bunches (Blackbird [Turdus merula], Song Thrush [Turdus philomelos], and Starling [Sturnus vulgaris]), whereas the one native species (Silvereye [Zosterops lateralis]) pecks holes in grapes. The introduction of falcons to vineyards was associated with a significant decrease in the abundance of introduced passerines and with a 95% reduction in the number of grapes removed relative to vineyards without falcons. Falcon presence was not associated with a change in the number of Silvereyes, but there was a 55% reduction in the number of grapes pecked in vineyards with falcons. Our results indicate that, relative to damage in vineyards without falcons, the presence of a falcon could potentially result in savings of US$234/ha for the Sauvignon Blanc variety of grapes and $326/ha for Pinot Noir variety of grapes. 相似文献
66.
Ximena E. Bernal Karin L. Akre Alexander T. Baugh A. Stanley Rand Michael J. Ryan 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(9):1269-1279
We investigated the natural dynamics in a sexual signal that combines different call components and explored the role of call
complexity in sexual selection using a neotropical frog. Male túngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, facultatively add up to seven short, multi-harmonic components (chucks) to the simple form of their calls (whines). Female
túngara frogs are preferentially attracted to whines with chucks over whines without chucks, and males also call more in response
to calls containing chucks. Because acoustic predators prefer complex calls, in the context of simple (no chucks) versus complex
(any number of chucks) calls, the variably complex call appears to have evolved in response to the opposing selective forces
of natural and sexual selection. There is no evidence, however, for the function of increasing the number of chucks within
complex calls. We tested two aspects of increasing call complexity: natural patterns of use of call types in males and how
both sexes respond to variation in multi-chuck calls. Males incrementally change call complexity by the addition or subtraction
of a single chuck and usually do not produce more than two chucks. Variation in call complexity, for calls with at least one
chuck, does not influence response calling in males or phonotaxis in females. Our results suggest that one reason for not
increasing call complexity beyond a single chuck is the diminishing effectiveness on the responses of both sexes.
This is a posthumous publication for A. Stanley Rand 相似文献
67.
Gomes Fernanda Bento Rosa Cândido Vinícius Bignoto da Rocha Vargas Isabela Salgado de Paiva Luiz Evaristo Dias Silva Jonathas Batista Gonçalves Branco Otavio Eurico de Aquino Castro Samuel Rodrigues 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(1):144-156
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Leakage modeling can be crucial for environmental management and control of waste landfills. However, defining boundary conditions for these models... 相似文献
68.
Federico Figueredo Ximena C. Abrevaya Eduardo Cortón 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2015,187(5):294
Here, we present a new toxicity bioassay (CO2-TOX), able to detect toxic or inhibitory compounds in water samples, based on the quantification of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 CO2 production. The metabolically produced CO2 was measured continuously and directly in the liquid assay media, with a potentiometric gas electrode. The optimization studies were performed using as a model toxicant 3,5-DCP (3,5-dichlorophenol); later, heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+) and a metalloid (As5+) were assayed. The response to toxics was evident after 15 min of incubation and at relatively low concentrations (e.g., 1.1 mg/L of 3,5-DCP), showing that the CO2-TOX bioassay is fast and sensitive. The EC50 values obtained were 4.93, 0.12, 6.05, 32.17, and 37.81 mg/L for 3,5-DCP, Cu2+, Zn2+, As5+, and Pb2+, respectively, at neutral pH. Additionally, the effect of the pH of the sample and the use of lyophilized bacteria were also analyzed showing that the bioassay can be implemented in different conditions. Moreover, highly turbid samples and samples with very low oxygen levels were measured successfully with the new instrumental bioassay described here. Finally, simulated samples containing 3,5-DCP or a heavy metal mixture were tested using the proposed bioassay and a standard ISO bioassay, showing that our test is more sensible to the phenol but less sensible to the metal mixtures. Therefore, we propose CO2-TOX as a rapid, sensitive, low-cost, and robust instrumental bioassay that could perform as an industrial wastewater-process monitor among other applications. 相似文献
69.
Mariana V. Coronas Tatiana S. Pereira Jocelita A.V. Rocha Andria T. Lemos Jandyra M.G. Fachel Daisy M.F. Salvadori Vera M.F. Vargas 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1023-1029
Biomonitoring studies have increased as a consequence of risks and effects to human health on exposure to environmental contaminants, mainly air pollutants. Genetic biomarkers are useful tools for the early assessment of exposure to occupational and environmental pollution. The objective of the present study was to investigate genotoxic effects on people residing and/or working downwind from an oil refinery in southern Brazil and the mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter (PM10). Samples of peripheral blood and buccal mucosa cells were evaluated using the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) and the micronucleus (MN) assay, respectively. PM10 samples were collected in the target site and the organic matter extraced with dichloromethane was assessed for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The exposed group (n = 37) was compared to a reference group (n = 37) of subjects living in an urban area with limited traffic and industrial influence, located far from the main industrial areas. All PM10 organic extracts showed mutagenic positive responses and the effect decreased in the presence of S9 mix indicating that the predominant compounds present were direct-acting mutagens. The responses of YGs strains are consistent with aromatic amines and nitroarenes being present in the PM10 extracts. The group in the area under the influence of the oil refinery (exposed group) showed significantly higher DNA damage in lymphocytes than the reference group. The MN frequencies in buccal mucosa were very low for both groups and no difference between groups was observed. No association was found between age and tobacco smoking habit and level of DNA damages measured by the comet assay. The results indicate that the comet assay was a sensitive tool to detect DNA damage in subjects under the influence of an oil refinery, with marked genotoxic activity in the atmospheric environment. 相似文献
70.
Tomaz Langenbach Fábio V. Correia Andrew Macrae Euripedes A. Vargas Jr. Tácio M.P. Campos 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):214-218
The fate of 14C atrazine was investigated using microcosms and an undisturbed Red-Yellow Latossol (Oxisol) under simulated rainfall conditions of 200 mm water month?1. Experiments were carried out using microcosm cores, the first with an uncovered surface soil; the second set with uncovered subsurface soil; the third with subsurface soil covered with 3 cm of cow manure and the last with subsurface soil covered with 5 cm of grass straw. Average values for the amount of atrazine leached after 60 days were as follows: surface soil 1.6%; subsurface 47.3%; subsurface plus manure 17.3% and subsurface plus straw 24.8%. In the surface soil, 53% of the 14C atrazine remained within the upper 1 cm, while in the subsurface microcosms the atrazine was more evenly distributed. The authors report that surface soil was retained atrazine and its metabolites for 60 days. The addition of a straw or manure covering to exposed subsoil helped to retard atrazine leaching. 相似文献