基于Pushover方法的中小学砌体结构抗震性能评估

针对中小学砌体结构教学楼的受力特点,提出横墙和开洞纵墙的等代框架模型,分析了模型的抗弯、抗剪和轴向刚度计算方法;结合国内外对钢筋混凝土结构性能水平的划分标准,将砌体结构的性能水平划分为正常使用、中等破坏和生命安全三个阶段,并通过对大量砌体墙片试验数据的统计,得出其各性能水平对应的层间位移角限值。最后利用所提模型对一砌体结构教学楼进行Pushover分析,将其实际层间位移与所提性能指标进行比较,结果表明结构在不同地震水平下均满足预定的性能目标。     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

水源水库藻类功能群落演替特征及水质评价

为了解水源水库的藻类功能群落时空演替特征及水质变化,以李家河水库为例, 2018年9月～2019年6月对藻类及水质因子开展连续监测,采用功能类群划分方法对水库藻类进行了识别与分类,探讨了藻类功能群落与水质间关系,并结合WQI指数法进行水质评价.结果表明,本研究共获得藻类56种,隶属于4门28属,可划分为15个功能群类,其中优势藻类功能群落分别为B、 D、 G、 J、 L_0、Mp、 P、 W_1和X_1;李家河水库藻类结构呈现明显的季节性特征,混合期藻密度明显低于分层期,其中混合期的主要功能藻种为小球藻和小环藻,分层期的主要功能藻种为舟形藻和针杆藻.冗余分析(RDA)表明,水温、混合层深度和RWCS指数是驱动藻类演替的主要因子;WQI分析结果显示李家河水体水质为"良好",混合期水质略好于分层期.本研究指出扬水曝气系统可改变藻类功能群落的演替特征,有效改善水源水库水质,保障了饮水供水安全.     

新乡市夏冬季节PM2.5稳定碳同位素特征分析

为了探究新乡市PM_(2.5)中δ~(13)C比值的季节性变化特征及其对污染来源的指示作用,于2017年夏冬季节采集PM_(2.5)有效样品91个,并测定了样品中的总碳、水溶性离子和稳定碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C).夏季和冬季的TC浓度平均值分别为11.78μg·m~(-3)和26.6μg·m~(-3).夏季δ~(13)C比值为-27.70‰～-25.22‰其中前14 d的δ~(13)C比值波动较大平均值为-26.96‰,而后16d的δ~(13)C比值相对稳定,平均值为-25.69‰,而且前半月和后半月火点数具有较大差异同时K_(nss)~+浓度与TC质量浓度显著相关(R~2=0.62,P0.01)这说明夏收季节生物质燃烧可能对δ~(13)C比值有显著影响.新乡地区冬季RH与TC/PM_(25)质量比值的显著负相关(R~2=0.68,P0.01),揭示了在霾增长初期以SOA增长为主,而污染期以SIA贡献为主.冬季采样期δ~(13)C比值为-26.72‰～-23.49‰,对霾发展过程中稳定同位素组成的研究发现在霾增长过程中δ~(13)C比值以富集为主,而在霾清除阶段δ~(13)C比值以贫化为主.     

呼包鄂地区冬季、夏季PM2.5污染特征

基于PMF模型源解析结果分析了呼包鄂地区冬季、夏季主要污染源及污染特征.物质重构结果表明,有机物(19. 9%～44. 6%)、地壳物质(9. 7%～46. 2%)在呼包鄂地区受体PM_(2.5)中占有较大比重.源解析结果表明,冬季各类源对PM_(2.5)的分担率大小依次为:二次源(26. 7%)燃煤源(26. 1%)机动车源(19. 1%)扬尘源(18. 1%),夏季则为二次源(26. 7%)扬尘源(22. 3%)燃煤源(16. 6%)机动车源(15. 1%) SOC(8. 7%),可以看出二次源在呼包鄂地区冬季和夏季均为首要贡献源类,冬季燃煤源、夏季扬尘源对呼包鄂地区的影响较大.分析冬季、夏季典型污染过程,对应于源解析结果,冬季主要污染源为二次源、燃煤源,夏季为二次源.     

关中地区PM2.5时空演化及人口暴露风险

近年来以细颗粒物PM_2.5为代表的大气污染已给人体健康带来严重风险.基于PM_2.5遥感反演数据和人口格网分布数据,测度关中地区人口暴露于PM_2.5的风险程度,并采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和空间自相关分析等方法,探索2000~2016年关中地区PM_2.5及人口暴露风险的时空演化过程.结果表明：①2006、2007和2013年关中地区污染重且范围广,这3 a在40%以上区域PM_2.5年均质量浓度超过了35 μg·m^-3的限值,2000~2016年关中地区PM_2.5空间分布范围不断扩大,形成了自中部向东北部的连续带状集中分布区;②2000~2016年,关中地区几乎每年都有超过60%的人口暴露在PM_2.5年均35 μg·m^-3质量浓度限值以上,且人口暴露风险不断加剧,尤其是2011年后,人口暴露的高风险区范围持续增加;③2000~2016年关中地区PM_2.5人口暴露风险格局大体相似,较高等级以上风险区主要集中在关中地区中部,东西方向上形成连续的带状分布区,高值区集中在几个主要城市的中心城区,低值区则主要分布在关中地区周边广大区域.     

厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征

以厦门湾6个典型海滩为工作区,分析海滩微塑料的污染特征.结果表明:①厦门湾6个海滩的微塑料丰度数据范围介于(28. 1±9. 4)～(312. 7±35. 2) n·kg~(-1)之间.②厦门湾海滩微塑料分为碎片类、发泡类、薄膜类和纤维类等4种类型.各站位点均以碎片类和发泡类为主,占总数量的80%左右,薄膜类和纤维类所占比例较少.③厦门湾海滩粒径1 mm的微塑料占最大比例,超过60%.粒径为1～3 mm和3～5 mm的微塑料所占比例较小.④通过红外光谱分析,确认厦门湾海滩微塑料碎片类和纤维类的主要成分是聚乙烯,发泡类和薄膜类的主要成分是聚苯乙烯.⑤通过扫描电镜观测,大部分微塑料表面粗糙、凹凸不平,带有明显裂痕.整体而言,厦门湾海滩微塑料污染处于中等偏下的程度,陆源污染是厦门湾海滩微塑料污染的最主要来源.     

兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单及其时空分布特征

通过实地调研等方式获取农牧业源的活动水平,采用NARSES模型确定氮肥施用排放因子,其它排放因子通过文献调研确定,建立了2016年兰州市农牧业源氨排放清单,并进一步分析了农牧业源氨排放的时空分布特征. 2016年兰州市农牧业源大气氨排放量为9 356. 90 t;其中畜禽养殖源氨排放量7 584. 03 t,分担率81. 05%;永登县是氨排放量最大的区县,氨排放量为2 820. 59 t,分担率为30. 14%.在兰州市各区县氨排放量分担率中,畜牧业源氨排放的分担率在65. 83%～97. 38%之间;氮肥施用源的分担率在2. 27%～28. 66%之间.从空间分布来看,兰州市农牧业源氨排放主要集中在皋兰县西北部与中部、红古区东南部、七里河区东西两部与榆中县东部.从时间分布来看,畜牧业源氨排放主要集中在4～9月,氮肥施用源的氨排放主要集中在3～7月和9月,其它月份排放量相对较小.     

磁性纳米Fe3O4@C对SBR脱氮除磷性能及其微生物种群组成的影响

为探究磁性纳米Fe₃O₄@C对序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）污水处理系统脱氮除磷性能的影响,建立了2个相同的SBR（编号分别为0号和1号）,其中,0号反应器未投加任何磁性材料（对照组）,1号反应器中投加0.5 g·L^-1的Fe₃O₄@C（实验组）,并采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR（qPCR）技术对2个反应器内生物种群结构及关键脱氮除磷功能菌群进行分析.结果表明：①Fe₃O₄@C对SBR除污性能有显著影响,其中,1号反应器化学需氧量（COD）的去除性能得到增强,24 d后去除率稳定在90%左右;0号和1号反应器总氮（TN）平均去除率分别为35.83%和52.18%;从第43 d起,1号反应器除磷性能明显高于0号反应器,运行70 d后,0号和1号反应器对总磷（TP）的平均去除率分别为47.52%和56.33%.②添加Fe₃O₄@C材料后,反应器内变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对丰度从23.91%增加至32.14%,优势脱氮菌门Planctomycetes、Nitrospirae的相对丰度分别从2.66%、0.46%增加至5.16%、2.23%.③添加Fe₃O₄@C后,SBR内细菌总数明显增多,16S基因拷贝数从1.77×10⁷ copies·g^-1增长到4.21×10⁷ copies·g^-1;各功能菌数量也有大幅度增长,除磷功能基因PAO增加了3.4倍,脱氮功能基因nirS、Nitrospira、Nitrobacter、AOB分别增长了2.3、2.4、4.7和572倍.研究表明,磁性纳米Fe₃O₄@C能有效促进SBR脱氮除磷性能,可为SBR工艺的优化改进提供理论支撑.