基于油提取的土壤与沉积物中微塑料的分离方法

微塑料作为一种全球性新兴污染物受到学界与社会的广泛关注.由于土壤和沉积物中的微塑料难以分离提取,目前关于微塑料的研究主要集中于水体中,而关于土壤与沉积物中微塑料的丰度、分布与环境行为尚不清楚,迫切需要一种经济、快速、可靠的前处理手段将微塑料从土壤或沉积物中分离出来进而开展检测与监测工作.油提取法不同于传统密度浮选法,其利用塑料的亲油性,使用植物油代替密度液分离土壤与沉积物中的微塑料.通过油提取法在砂土（二长花岗岩风化层残坡积物）、壤土（菜地黄棕壤）、黏土（稻田水稻土）、泥质湖泊沉积物中获得的总加标回收率分别为88.3%±6.29%、88.3%±3.82%、90.0%±2.50%、90.8%±1.44%.其中,对于密度浮选法较难提取的聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）,其回收率分别为93.3%±11.6%（壤土）、96.7%±5.77%（壤土）.植物油的加入会对后续微塑料的光谱表征识别产生影响,但可通过无水乙醇冲洗去除,与拉曼光谱仍具有良好的兼容性.利用该方法开展的实地研究获得黄冈市残坡积物（砂土）、武汉市菜地（壤土）、武汉市水稻田（黏土）、武汉市东湖泥质湖泊沉积物中的微塑料丰度分别为1 679、1 612、1 766、7 629个/kg.研究显示,油提取是当下密度浮选技术的可替代方案.      

柘溪水库库区梯级桔园生草覆盖生态效益分析

本文就柘溪水库库区梯级桔园生草覆盖的生态效益进行了分析。结果表明，梯级桔园生草覆盖有效地控制了水土流失，改善了土壤理化性能，达到了保土保水保肥的目的；还可调节桔园小气候，为桔园生产创造了良好的生态环境，有利于柑桔的稳产高产。     

室内空气品质评价新模型的建立与应用

基于财务管理信用评价的方法,建立了一种全新的室内评价模型.该模型兼具现有3种主要的室内空气品质客观评价方法的优点,又集简便性和实用性于一体.并且通过实践检验,证实了该模型的正确可行性.     

The concentration and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the air from the karst cave, South China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the air of Dayan Cave in Guilin were analyzed, to investigate the source and contamination levels. Generally, air outside of the cave had much higher concentrations than inside air, and both outside and inside air showed much lower contamination levels than those observed in other regions in China and abroad. The ratios of α-/γ-HCHs and the percentages of β-(or δ-)HCH implied a residue of historical local technical HCH contamination. The DDT concentrations, o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT suggested fresh DDT-containing products acted as the primary source of DDT for the air in Dayan Cave. An intermediate level concentration of α-endosulfan (156.00?pg/m(3)) was observed in the outside air, implying local source was dominant. Based on the similar sources of HCH and DDT and the relationships between outside and inside air, it appeared that outside air pollutants affected on inside HCH and DDT's distribution. For other OCPs, outside air might be major contributor to inside air contamination under conditions of high concentrations in outside air compared with low levels in inside air for semi-closed karstic caves.     

均匀设计法优化高效杀藻菌Microbulbifer sp.BS03培养基及发酵条件

采用均匀设计法设计和二次多项式逐步回归分析,对一株高效杀塔玛亚历山大藻微泡菌BS03(Microbulbifer sp.)产杀藻活性物质的发酵培养条件进行优化.通过单因素实验筛选出碳源、氮源、pH、培养时间和接种量为显著影响因子,并对5个显著影响因子采用U15(155)水平对培养基进行优化.结果表明BS03最适发酵培养条件为:蔗糖8 g/L,蛋白胨10.50 g/L,初始pH值7.5,培养时间32 h,接种量3.00%.验证试验结果显示,在此条件下该菌发酵液的干重为4.725 g/L,较优化前增加了31.35%,LD50为0.768%,较优化前降低了25.14%.研究结果为杀藻活性物质以及杀藻机理的研究奠定了理论基础.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定镉污染人群头发镉含量

发样经硝酸消解,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定镉含量。探讨了９种共存元素的干扰程度,采用模拟人发元素组成的标准样制作标准曲线,以修正基体效应。     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

高温干旱对髯毛箬竹的叶和细根的生理生态影响

为了解全球变暖及其导致的高温干旱气候对地被竹生长产生的影响,通过模拟自然高温干旱条件,以髯毛箬竹为研究对象,分析其叶片气体交换、细根和叶片水势、抗氧化酶等生理生态反应过程与高温干旱的关系.结果表明:①不同高温干旱条件对髯毛箬竹的影响不同,对照组中常温条件下植株的光合速率为（7.141±0.072）μmol/（m2·s）,高温可明显提升蒸腾速率和气孔导度,极端高温条件下表现为非气孔限制因素导致光合速率〔（4.898±0.395）μmol/（m2·s）下降〕,并且收窄光合日进程的变幅;②中度干旱、高温+中度干旱、极端高温+中度干旱的条件下,光合速率的降低是由气孔限制因素导致;③重度干旱、高温+重度干旱、极端高温+重度干旱的环境将严重影响植株生理进程,高温加剧这一进程,具体表现为蒸腾速率、光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率显著下降;④对照组、高温组和极端高温组的细根水势谷值下降范围分别为（-0.111±0.033）~（-0.961±0.086）、（-0.173±0.060）~（-0.970±0.072）和（-0.304±0.061）~（-1.225±0.166）MPa,降幅比成熟叶片强烈;⑤高温和干旱对细根、成熟叶片3种抗氧化酶活性的影响一致,细根SOD活性大于成熟叶片,而CAT和POD活性则相反,因此,细根是髯毛箬竹适应高温干旱环境的重要器官,水分吸收器官比蒸腾器官敏感.研究显示,髯毛箬竹具有较好的抗高温和抗旱能力,一定范围内的高温和干旱能提升其叶片、细根的生理生态适应能力,特别是复合条件下,高温与干旱对其生长表现出协同作用,极端高温+中度干旱并不威胁其生存,高温、中度干旱及高温+中度干旱有利于驯化栽培,甚至在一定程度上能促进其生长;重度干旱则使植株叶片气体交换、叶片和细根的水分生理进程受损,不适宜长期重度干旱的环境,高温使这种损伤更加严重.      

投影寻踪聚类分析在环境质量综合评价中的应用

介绍了投影寻聚类方法用于环境质量综合评价的基本原理，并将该方法成功用于大气环境质量综合评价分析中，与其他综合评价方法相比，投影寻踪聚类分析不但可以做出环境质量的综合评价，而且还可以根据投影分量值分析相应指标影响环境质量的重要性程度，找出影响环境质量的主要因素。     

不同密度侧柏人工林碳储量变化及其机理初探

以徐州侧柏Platycladus orientalis（Linn）Franco人工林为研究对象,运用生物量转化方程及土壤调查数据探讨了1 679、2 250和3 074株.hm-2的3种密度对生态系统碳储量的影响及其机理。结果表明,①乔木层、土壤层和生态系统的碳储量均随林分密度的增加而明显减少,灌草层碳储量在低林分密度最大,而枯落物层碳储量在中林分密度最大。低林分密度生态系统的碳储量是94.11 t.hm-2,分别是中密度和高密度生态系统的碳储量1.19倍和1.28倍,而这种差异主要是由乔木层和土壤层碳储量差异引起的。②林分密度对细根生物量的影响不显著（P〉0.05）,而细根形态随林分密度的增加表现为低级根中1、2级根直径变粗,根长先变长后变短,比根长变短（P〈0.05）;而高级根中的5级根直径显著变细,根长和比根长变长（P〉0.05）。③林分密度对细根生物量的影响与乔木层、土壤层和生态系统碳储量的变化规律具有较高的一致性,均为低密度下最大,高密度下最小。因此,细根生物量可能是导致系统碳储量变化的主要因素之一。