城市湖泊的生态治理试验研究——以重庆市渝北区棕榈湖为例

随着中国城市化的快速推进,产生了一系列的环境问题,而解决因城市发展而带来的自然水体（如城市湖泊）污染及其治理问题是一项耗资巨大而又十分复杂的系统工程。就中国的经济实力而言,污水处理的技术经济指标往往是选择方案时必须首先考虑的问题。传统的活性污泥法基建投资大,运行费用高,且处理后的出水排入水体后仍将引起＂富营养化＂等环境问题。而人工湿地具有投资省,处理效果较好的优势,因而是一种非常值得探索和尝试的全新的处理方法。以该湖泊的人工湿地处理前后的水质效果进行对比分析,以期为今后相似的城市湖泊的生态治理提供一些借鉴。     

板栗壳吸附Cu2+的平衡与动力学研究及工艺设计

研究了板栗壳吸附Cu2+的平衡、动力学和热力学特征并对吸附工艺进行设计.采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线对静态吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,同时采用准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型对静态吸附动力学数据进行了拟合,并计算了吸附过程的热力学参数自由能变（ΔGo）、焓变（ΔHo）和熵变（ΔSo）.结果表明,平衡实验数据符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,分离因子RL值在0~1之间,为有利吸附;动力学实验数据符合准二级动力学方程,平衡吸附量随Cu2+起始浓度增大而增大;ΔHo和ΔSo分别为12.206kJ·mol-1和21.534J·mol-1·K-1,ΔGo为负值,表明板栗壳吸附Cu2+为放热过程,可以自发进行,吸附过程增加了固液界面的混乱度.基于Langmuir等温吸附模型推导出的板栗壳用量计算公式可用于预测将一定体积一定起始浓度Cu2+溶液经过吸附降至所需浓度的板栗壳用量.     

Distribution of PBDEs in air particles from an electronic waste recycling site compared with Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China

Air samples of total suspended particles (TSP, particles less than 30-60 microm), and particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) were collected simultaneously at Guiyu (an electronic waste recycling site), three urban sites in Hong Kong and two urban sites in Guangzhou, South China from 16 August to 17 September 2004. Twenty-two PBDE congeners (BDE-3, -7, -15, -17, -28, -49, -71, -47, -66, -77, -100, -119, -99, -85, -126, -154, -153, -138, -156, -184, -183, -191) in TSP and PM(2.5) were measured. The results showed that the overall average concentrations of TSP and PM(2.5) collected at Guiyu were 124 and 62.1 microg m(-3), respectively. The monthly concentrations of the sum of 22 BDE congeners contained in TSP and PM(2.5) at Guiyu were 21.5 and 16.6 ng m(-3), with 74.5 and 84.3%, contributed by nine congeners (BDE-28, -47, -66, -100, -99, -154, -153, -183 and -191 respectively). This pattern was similar to Tsuen Wan site of Hong Kong. Two urban sites of Guangzhou had the same congener pattern, but were different from Yuen Long and Hok Tsui sites of Hong Kong. The results also showed that the amount of mono to penta brominated congeners, which are more toxic, accounted for 79.4-95.6% of Sigma(22)PBDEs from all sites. All congeners tested in Guiyu were up to 58-691 times higher than the other urban sites and more than 100 times higher than other studies reported elsewhere. The higher concentration in the air was due to heating or opening burning of electronic waste since PBDEs are formed when plastics containing brominated flame retardants are heated.     

氨法烟气脱硫系统雾滴浓度测定方法

对于烟气脱硫系统,准确测定烟气中雾滴浓度是完成脱硫系统性能考核的必备技术,目前国内尚无脱硫系统除雾器性能测试统一标准规范。介绍了氨法烟气脱硫系统雾滴浓度的测定方法———硫酸根离子法,阐述了该方法的原理与特点,方法步骤,为氨法烟气脱硫工程考核除雾器性能提供了一种有效的参考方法。     

Degradation of bisphenol-A using ultrasonic irradiation assisted by low-concentration hydrogen peroxide

This study investigated the degradation of bisphenol-A (BPA) by ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of different additives (H2O2,air bubbles and humic acid) under various operating conditions,i.e.,ultrasonic frequency,power intensity and power density.The results demonstrated that the BPA degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics under different experimental conditions.The optimum power intensities were 0.9,1.8,and 3.0W/cm 2 at the frequencies of 400,670,and 800 kHz,respectively.At the fixed frequ...     

Moisture distribution in sludges based on di erent testing methods

Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied based on four di erent methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-di erential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdi erential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis (wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four di erent testing methods was presented. The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test.     

Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on DNA/chitosan film

Glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely used in the glucose biosensor industry. The amperometric biosensors based on directly electron transfer (DET) between an electrode and immobilized GOD are especially promising. In this article, GOD was immobilized with a DNA/chitosan bio-material film on GC electrode, and the DET of GOD on DNA/chitosan was studied. The cyclic voltammetric results indicated that the GOD immobilized in the DNA/chitosan film underwent DET reaction, and the cyclic voltammogram displayed a pair of well-defined redox peaks with a formal potential of ?0.45 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) at pH 5.5. The response showed a surface-controlled electrode process with an electron transfer rate constant of 0.91 sec^?1 determined in the scan rate range from 10 to 100 mV/sec. The GOD immobilized in DNA/chitosan membrane retained its biocatalytic activity and stability. The immobilized GOD could electrocatalyze the reduction of dissolved oxygen and resulted in a great increase of the reduction peak current. Upon the addition of glucose, the reduction peak current decreased, which could be used for glucose detection with a sensitivity of 0.48 μA/(mmol/L), a linear range from 0.04 to 2.28 mmol/L and a detection limit of 0.04 mmol/L at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The sensor could exclude the interference of commonly coexisted uricacid and ascorbic acid.     

Nitrification characteristics of nitrobacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane in wastewater of corn-based ethanol fuel production

A technology to achieve stable and high ammonia nitrogen removal rates for corn distillery wastewater (ethanol fuel production) treatment has been designed. The characteristics of nitrifying bacteria entrapped in a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) gel carrier were evaluated after acclimation. In the acclimation period, nitrification rates of WPU-immobilized nitrobacteria were monitored and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also carried out to investigate the change in ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The results showed that the pellet nitrification rates increased from 21 to 228 mg-N/(L-pellet. hr) and the quantity of the ammonia oxidation bacteria increased substantially during the acclimation. A continuous ammonia removal experiment with the anaerobic pond effluent of a distillery wastewater system was conducted with immobilized nitrifying bacteria for 30 days using an 80 L airlift reactor with pellets at a fill ratio of 15% (V/V). Under the conditions of 75 mg/L influent ammonia, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7--5.6 hr, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4 mg/L, the effluent ammonia concentration was lower than 10 mg/L and the ammonia removal efficiency was 90%. While the highest ammonia removal rate, 162 mg-N/(L-pellet.hr), was observed when the HRT was 1.3 hr.     

铬污染对土壤环境质量生物特征指标的影响研究

土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物熵、代谢熵、土壤酶活性等是表征土壤质量的重要生物学指标,以辽宁省沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区附近土壤为研究对象进行了土壤生物学指标的测定。污染土壤的重金属元素主要是铬,对土壤的脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性具有不同程度的抑制作用,有效铬与微生物量氮、微生物熵均呈显著负相关,而与代谢熵呈显著正相关。     

合同能源管理的中国化与发展现状分析

合同能源管理是一种基于市场运作的节能激励机制,自引入中国以来,通过示范、引导和推广,服务范围已经扩展到工业、建筑、交通三大领域。十多年来,中国合同能源管理模式不断得到创新,国家政策的扶持力度越来越大,资金来源逐步多元化,有力地促进了节能服务产业的迅速发展,将成为"十二五"节能减排的新机遇。与此同时,合同能源管理业面临着融资难、激励机制不健全等问题。