长江口北支潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮的交换通量及季节变化

对长江口北支地区沉积物--水界面无机氮的交换通量及季节变化进行了研究。由于沉积物--水界面无机氮的交换行为受到不同环境因子的影响，随着季节更替，氮的界面交换行为有较大的差异。一方面，滨岸地区的沉积物对水体中的氮有着良好的去除能力，是水体中硝氮、氨氮的汇；另一方面，由于河口滨岸生态系统是一个脆弱的并且处于动态变化的系统，随着外界条件的变化，河口沉积物--水界面的物质交换会受到很大的影响，有可能从营养盐的汇转化为营养盐的源，对水体造成二次污染。研究揭示：生物活动、温度、溶解氧等环境因子在沉积物--水界面氮的季节交换行为中作用明显，而盐度、Eh等因子的作用是次要的。     

广西西南部地质灾害气象因素风险评估

我国对气象条件引发的地质灾害一直没有一个统一的标准。研究目的是制定广西西南部地质类型的地质灾害气象因素风险评估模型,从而能在灾情来临前发布准确的地质灾害预警,避免空报及漏报,提高预报准确率。该风险评估模型以出现地质灾害的风险性分为3类,分别确立了3类不同的气象因素风险评估指标。用该评估模型对崇左市2001到2006年共28个地质灾害个例进行评估,如果达到地质灾害风险评估的3类,即达到了预警级,而实况也出现了地质灾害,评定为正确,那么这28个地质灾害个例回报正确的有25个,拟合率达到了89%。评估结果显示该风险评估模型对2007年的地质灾害预报正确。     

川东某水泥厂周围水稻金属元素含量分析研究

对川东北某水泥厂周围农田的大米进行检测,分析其铁、钙、镁、锌、铜、镉、铅的含量是否符合标准,进而判断该地区的大米是否受水泥粉尘影响.收集某水泥厂周围1.5公里内的大米作为实验组,收集本地区非水泥粉尘污染区的大米作对照组,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定铁、钙、锓、锌、铜5种元素含量和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镉、铅两种元素含量.将所得结果与《粮食卫生标准》进行对比,分析两类地区的大米中该元素的差异.对比《粮食卫生标准》,实验组和对照组都存在铅含量超标的情况,其余元素均符合国家标准.而实验组与对照组之间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).水泥粉尘对大米中金属元素没有明显影响.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCD)对斑马鱼发育早期能量代谢及软骨、肌肉和鱼鳍发育的影响

六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane, HBCDs)是一种添加型阻燃剂,在环境中广泛存在。由于具有持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性等特征,HBCD很可能在水生生物体内富集并对其生长发育产生影响。将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的HBCD(0.1、0.5和1 mg·L^-1),通过油红O和阿尔新蓝染色观察幼鱼发育状况,并通过能量代谢及发育相关基因探讨可能的作用机制。结果表明,HBCD暴露影响了幼鱼对卵黄囊内生脂肪的吸收,并对幼鱼躯干骨骼肌、头部软骨和鱼鳍的发育产生损害。进一步研究发现,暴露组幼鱼体内ATP含量降低,ATP合成酶及电子呼吸链中还原性辅酶Ⅰ(NOX)和细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)等的活性显著降低;同时,早期发育相关基因如骨形成蛋白bmp、肌肉决定因子myod以及sox9a和wnt等基因的转录水平均受到显著抑制(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,HBCD会影响早期发育阶段的斑马鱼对卵黄囊营养物质的吸收,干扰体内能量代谢,导致能量供应不足,并通过bmp-sox9和wnt-myod等信号通路影响软骨组织、鱼鳍和骨骼肌的正常发育。     

Pattern of benthic biomass size spectra from shallow waters in the East China Seas

Benthic biomass size spectra (BSS) and normalized biomass size spectra were constructed, and benthic secondary production was estimated by a size spectrum equation in the shallow waters in the East China Sea, ranging latitudinally from 40°N to 29°N. The BSS patterns were bimodal, two biomass peaks corresponding to meiofauna and macrofauna, respectively, separated by a trough of low biomass at 8–256 μg individual dry weight which varied in position with median sediment particle size. The BSS also displayed bimodality within meiofauna size ranges, which in most stations was due to the relative proportions of nematodes and other meiofauna taxa. Re-analysis of data from sites in the UK, South Africa, and Antarctic showed a similar bimodality in the adult species body size distribution within the meiofauna size range. Macrofaunal production estimated by the size spectrum equation was very similar to the results of Brey90 empirical equation. However, these production values were much lower than those calculated by Brey01. Different individual dry-to-wet conversion ratios, temperature deviation, and macrofauna taxonomic composition might be responsible for the between-model differences. The macrofaunal P/B ratios calculated by this equation ranged from 0.3 to 3.4 which were in accordance with values from Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Meiofaunal production estimates will need further empirical support.     

Distribution and loadings of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Xijiang River in Guangdong, South China

The Xijiang River is the major tributary of the Pearl River, South China, and is the major source water system for more than 4.5 million of urban population and 28.7 million of rural population. We initiated a systematic study on detection and quantification of organic pollutants in both water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) for samples collected in a span of 12 months. Our results showed that total concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 21.7 to 138 ng l(-1) in water and from 40.9 to 665 microg kg(-1) in SPM. The organic carbon normalized distribution coefficients (K(OC)) computed for the PAHs were correlated well with their octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)). The estimated annual loadings of Ant, BaA, and BghiP and the total PAHs in the Xijiang River were 1620, 330, 177 and 19,400 kg, respectively. Further analysis of the data showed that combustion may be the major source of PAHs and that direct leakage of petroleum products may be insignificant.     

龙口市海水入侵动态系统分析与防治对策

海水入侵已成为全球普遍关注的地下水环境问题,它不仅严重地威胁着人类淡水资源,而且破坏生态环境平衡,制约着社会经济可持续发展。以山东省龙口市为靶区,通过分析研究衡量海水入侵重要因子－氯离子浓度时空分布规律及其影响因素,探索海水入侵动态系统规律,提出防治海水入侵的措施和对策。     

Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Shenzhen River,South China

With the analysis of eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Shenzhen River, South China, the ecological risks associated were evaluated using Hakanson’s method (for the metals) and the Effect Range Low/Effect Range Median (ERL/ERM) method (for the PAHs). The result shows concentrations of heavy metal in the order Zn?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?As?>?Cd?>?Hg, and among which the Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb are exceeding the maximum contaminant level for sediments while those of PAHs are far below. The potential ecological risk index value for the heavy metals in the sediment samples was 261.90, which is in the moderate risk category. Total PAH concentrations in the sediments ranged from 1,028 to 1,120 ng/g, which are all far lower than the sediment guideline concentration of 4,022 ng/g, indicating that the risks of biological impacts caused by PAHs in Shenzhen River sediments are, therefore, relatively low. Besides, the fluorene concentration was above the ERL, and would potentially cause negative biological effects in the Shenzhen River. Heavy metals risks are suggested among the most important concerns that the environmental recover measures pay attention to.     

Fe/TiO2光催化降解水溶液中的4-氯苯酚

以TiO2-P25及FeC2O4为前驱物制备了Fe3 掺杂TiO2光催化剂--Fe/TiO2.X射线衍射结果表明,500 ℃煅烧温度下的Fe/TiO2主要是锐态矿晶型,当掺Fe3 量为0.5%(质量分数,下同)时,Fe3 以取代掺杂形式进入TiO2晶格,而当掺Fe3 量达5.0%时,则出现α-Fe2O3的特征衍射峰;900 ℃煅烧温度下的Fe/TiO2则均为金红石晶型,掺Fe3 量达2.0%～5.0%时,出现Fe2TiO5的特征衍射峰.4-氯苯酚的光催化实验结果表明,煅烧温度及Fe3 掺杂量对Fe/TiO2的光催化活性有显著影响,以煅烧温度500 ℃及掺Fe3 量0.5%的Fe/TiO2为光催化剂,反应80 min,4-氯苯酚的降解率达100%,总有机碳去除率约95%.     

型钢混凝土受拉柱恢复力计算模型试验研究∗

为研究型钢混凝土构件在偏心受拉作用下的抗震性能,以剪跨比、轴拉比以及偏心距为主要设计参数,对7根型钢混凝土受拉柱进行了低周反复试验中观察了试件的受力过程和破坏形态,得到滞回曲线以及骨架曲线等。通过理论推导和回归分析,提出了各特征点的计算公式。在此基础上,结合受拉柱的滞回特性,给出卸载刚度计算公式以及相应的滞回规则,并建立了型钢混凝土受拉柱四折线恢复力模型。结果表明:通过试验骨架曲线和计算骨架曲线的对比,二者结果吻合较好,能够较为全面地反映构件的受力性能,建议的四折线恢复力模型较为合理,可用于型钢混凝土受拉柱抗震性能的评估。