分析化学计量学在我国近年来的进展

本文对近三年来分析化学计量学(化学统计学)在我国无机物光谱分析中的应用和进展概况作了评述,摘录153篇参考文献.     

Use of PFU protozoan community structural and functional characteristics in assessment of water quality in a large, highly polluted freshwater lake in China

Structural and functional parameters of protozoan communities colonizing on PFU (polyurethane foam unit) artificial substrate were assessed as indicators of water quality in the Chaohu Lake, a large, shallow and highly polluted freshwater lake in China. Protozoan communities were sampled 1, 3, 6, 9 and 14 days after exposure of PFU artificial substrate in the lake during October 2003. Four study stations with the different water quality gradient changes along the lake were distinguishable in terms of differences in the community's structural (species richness, individual abundance, etc.) and functional parameters (protozoan colonization rates on PFU). The concentrations of TP, TN, COD and BOD as the main chemical indicators of pollution at the four sampling sites were also obtained each year during 2002-2003 for comparison with biological parameters. The results showed that the species richness and PFU colonization rate decreased as pollution intensity increased and that the Margalef diversity index values calculated at four sampling sites also related to water quality. The three functional parameters based on the PFU colonization process, that is, S(eq), G and T90%, were strongly related to the pollution status of the water. The number of protozoan species colonizing on PFU after exposure of 1 to 3 days was found to give a clear comparative indication of the water quality at the four sampling stations. The research provides further evidence that the protozoan community may be utilized effectively in the assessment of water quality and that the PFU method furnishes rapid, cost-effective and reliable information that may be useful for measuring responses to pollution stress in aquatic ecosystems.     

大气环境质量综合评价的一种新方法—模糊综合指数法

本文讨论了目前流行的大气环境质量模糊综合评判方法的缺陷,并将模糊综合评判与经典大气质量综合指数法的优点相结合,介绍一种新的综合指数法-大气环境质量的模糊综合指数法,大量计算表明新方法具有许多优越性。     

Effects of clay minerals on Cr(VI) reduction by organic compounds

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of clayminerals (illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite) on chromate (Cr(VI)) reduction by several low molecular weightorganic compounds. Batch experiments at pH ranging from 3.0 to6.0 and 25 °C showed that 2:1 layered clays illite andsmectite catalyzed Cr(VI) reduction by oxalate. The catalyticeffect increased as pH was decreased. The 1:1 clay kaolinite hadno catalytic effect under comparable conditions. Direct Cr(VI)reduction by reactive moieties associated with illite andmontmorillonite was observed, but at a much slower rate than thecatalytic pathway. Cr(VI) reduction by glyoxylic acid, glycolicacid, lactic acid, and mandelic acid was accelerated by illite,although aqueous phase reduction might occur in parallel. Theseresults suggest that Cr(VI) reduction rates in subsurfaceenvironments rich in organic compounds may be elevated throughcatalysis of surface-bound metals and/or soluble species from theclay minerals, and as a result, higher than those expected fromaqueous phase reaction alone. Such rate enhancement for Cr(VI)reduction needs to be accounted for when developing new remedialtechniques for chromium site remediation or assessing its naturalattenuation.     

Metal release/accumulation during the decomposition of Potamogeton crispus in a shallow macrophytic lake

Changes in metal concentrations in the litter of Potamogeton crispus were monitored during a consecutive 40-day in situ decomposition experiment using the litterbag method.The accumulation index was calculated and used to indicate the changes in the metals in litter.The results showed that the concentrations of Al,Cd,Cr,Fe,Mn,and Pb in litter increased significantly during the decomposition,while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased dramatically.Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of Al,Cr,Fe,and Mn and between Cu and Zn.Moreover,Cu and Zn both negatively correlated with Al and Fe.The remaining dry mass was negatively correlated with Al and Fe concentrations but positively correlated with Cu and Zn concentrations.Generally the accumulation index values of metals other than Al were less than one,indicating that the litter of P.crispus acted as a source of metals to the surrounding water body.Al was the only metal that showed continuous net accumulation in litter.The net accumulation of Fe and Mn in litter during the last 10 days of the experiment may indicate the precipitation of Feand Mn-oxides.It was estimated that 160 g/m~2(dry weight)P.crispus was decomposed in40 days.This was equivalent to releasing the following amounts of metals:0.01 mg Cd,0.03 mg Cr,0.71 mg Cu,0.55 mg Mn,0.02 mg Pb and 13.8 mg Zn into surrounding water,and accumulating 149 mg Al and 11 mg Fe,in a 1 m~2 area.     

Positively charged microporous ceramic membrane for the removal of Titan Yellow through electrostatic adsorption

To develop a depth filter based on the electrostatic adsorption principle, positively charged microporous ceramic membrane was prepared from a diatomaceous earth ceramic membrane.The internal surface of the highly porous ceramic membrane was coated with uniformly distributed electropositive nano-Y_2O_3 coating. The dye removal performance was evaluated through pressurized filtration tests using Titan Yellow aqueous solution. It showed that positively charged microporous ceramic membrane exhibited a flow rate of 421 L/(m~2·hr) under the trans-membrane pressure of 0.03 bar. Moreover it could effectively remove Titan Yellow with feed concentration of 10 mg/L between pH 3 to 8. The removal rate increased with the enhancement of the surface charge properties with a maximum rejection of 99.6%. This study provides a new and feasible method of removing organic dyes in wastewater. It is convinced that there will be a broad market for the application of charged ceramic membrane in the field of dye removal or recovery from industry wastewater.     

基于博弈论的环保数据质量影响因素分析研究

污染源产排污数据是一切环保工作的基础,确保真实可信具有十分重要的意义.为此,分析了影响污染源产排污数据质量的主要因素:受经济利益驱动的自身因素;受政绩利益驱动的管理因素和受地方保护驱动的政府因素等.在新环保法未得到充分贯彻,排污单位、环保主管部门和地方政府三者违法成本均低于守法成本的条件下,以博奕论为分析工具讨论了三种影响因素产生负面作用的必然性,并根据分析结果针对性地提出了提高数据质量的应对策略.     

"电能替代"是治理城市雾霾的重要途径探讨

城市雾霾已经严重影响城市居民的正常生活与工作.研究表明,传统化石燃料在城市及其周边地区终端用户中直接使用是产生城市雾霾的主要原因.为了治理城市雾霾,国家和地方各级政府以及有关单位出台了一系列政策和行动方案.其中,利用绿色能源电能,在生产和生活中,代替传统化石能源,这一方案在城市终端用户中都可以大面积使用电能替代,是阻止城市雾霾的重要举措,电能替代不仅可以有效缓解城市雾霾,还可以提高城市智能化水平,是未来城市发展的重要趋势.     

Towards Real‐Time Continental Scale Streamflow Simulation in Continuous and Discrete Space

The National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts floods at approximately 3,600 locations across the United States (U.S.). However, the river network, as defined by the 1:100,000 scale National Hydrography Dataset‐Plus (NHDPlus) dataset, consists of 2.7 million river segments. Through the National Flood Interoperability Experiment, a continental scale streamflow simulation and forecast system was implemented and continuously operated through the summer of 2015. This system leveraged the WRF‐Hydro framework, initialized on a 3‐km grid, the Routing Application for the Parallel Computation of Discharge river routing model, operating on the NHDPlus, and real‐time atmospheric forcing to continuously forecast streamflow. Although this system produced forecasts, this paper presents a study of the three‐month nowcast to demonstrate the capacity to seamlessly predict reach scale streamflow at the continental scale. In addition, this paper evaluates the impact of reservoirs, through a case study in Texas. Validation of the uncalibrated model using observed hourly streamflow at 5,701 U.S. Geological Survey gages shows 26% demonstrate PBias ≤ |25%|, 11% demonstrate Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) ≥ 0.25, and 6% demonstrate both PBias ≤ |25%| and NSE ≥ 0.25. When evaluating the impact of reservoirs, the analysis shows when reservoirs are included, NSE ≥ 0.25 for 56% of the gages downstream while NSE ≥ 0.25 for 11% when they are not. The results presented here provide a benchmark for the evolving hydrology program within the NWS and supports their efforts to develop a reach scale flood forecasting system for the country.     

Evaluation of passive sampling of gaseous mercury using different sorbing materials

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Atmospheric mercury monitoring is essential because of its potential human health and ecological impacts. Current automated monitoring systems include...