Characteristics and management of domestic waste in a rural area of the Tibetan Plateau

In the rural area of the Tibetan Plateau (RATP), the characteristics of domestic waste, people’s environmental awareness, people’s willingness to pay and their influence factors were firstly studied by questionnaires, field samplings and laboratory tests. The results showed that, in the RATP, the generation of domestic waste was 85 g?d-1 per capita and it was mainly composed of plastics, inert waste, kitchen waste, glass and paper. The waste bulk density, moisture content, ash, combustible and low calorific value were 65 kg?m-3, 19.25%, 44.90%, 35.85% and 10,520 kJ?kg-1 respectively. These characteristics are influenced by income sources and geographical position to some extent. Classified collection should be promoted widely on the household and the village basis. Compost, fermentation, landfill, bioreactor landfill and semi-aerobic landfill have been approved as effective techniques to treat domestic waste, except incineration. The distance of 50–800 m between each collection facility and the disposal fee of around $0.8 per month per household are suggested. For suburbs or large population villages, it’s better to treat domestic waste by the centralized way. But for the remote rural areas, a decentralized way is proposed. Significantly, the educational and economic influence should be considered into an effective domestic waste management program.

Implications:?The current situatio n of the environment in the rural areas of the Tibetan Plateau (RATP) was surveyed. There, the generation of organics and moisture of domestic waste were low but ash, recyclables, and combustibles were high. People’s knowledge of domestic waste was absent but their participation in management was strong. Based on the current situation, compost, fermentation, and landfill were effective but incineration was inappropriate. Also, a localized mini landfill for a cluster of villages and or settlements was the best method there.     

正交试验-硝酸微波消解-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中汞

应用硝酸微波消解土壤样品-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中的汞。通过正交试验,优化了土壤中汞的微波消解条件。并对干扰消除、方法精密度、加标回收、检出限进行了试验研究。在0～10μg／L范围内线性关系良好,方法测定下限为0．20μg／L,土壤中汞的检出限为0．005μg／g。该优化条件对汞含量为0．02—0．46μg／g的土壤样品,汞提取完全。建立了一种简便、成本低、干扰少、灵敏度高的方法。     

四川省不同区域高速公路环境影响评价要点

高速公路项目由于其线路长、工程量大等特点,不可避免会对生态环境、土地资源、水土流失、人居环境等造成不利影响,本文根据四川各区域的地形地貌、水文地质、生物多样性等环境特点,提出了在不同地区高速公路建设中的环境影响评价要点,从而使环境影响评价内容更具有针对性。     

H(+)/phenanthrene symporter and aquaglyceroporin are implicated in phenanthrene uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic to human and nonhuman organisms. Dietary intake of PAHs is a dominant route of exposure for the general population because food crops are a major source of dietary PAHs. The mechanism for crop root uptake of PAHs remains unclear. Here we reveal that wheat root uptake of PAHs involves active and passive processes. The passive uptake is mercury and glycerol dependent. Mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indicating that aquaglyceroporins sensitive to mercury contribute to passive uptake. Active uptake is mediated by a phenanthrene/H symporter. The electrical response of wheat roots triggered by phenanthrene consists of two sequential phases: depolarization followed by repolarization. The depolarization is phenanthrene concentration dependent, with saturation kinetics that have an apparent of K(m) 10.8 μmol L(-1). As uptake proceeds, external solution pH increase is noticed. Lower pH favors the uptake. Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake, suggesting that plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is involved in the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient acting as a driving force for active uptake. Therefore, it is suggested that aquaglyceroporin and phenanthrene/H symporter are implicated in phenanthrene uptake. Our results provide insight into PAH uptake mechanism in wheat roots that is relevant to strategies for reducing PAH accumulation in wheat for food safety, improving phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soils or water by agronomic practices and genetic modification to target remedial plants for higher PAH uptake capacity.     

南充市城郊农村居民的环境法律意识调查与分析

本文通过采用问卷调查和走访调查的方法,对南充市两县三区的城郊农村居民进行了抽样调查。调查结果发现,当地城郊农村居民环境法律“知”的水平中等、个体差异较大,环境法律“行”的水平偏低,“知”与“行”之间存在脱节现象。这与当地城郊农村居民的文化程度和所处地域有关。为此,提出了从“知”和“行”上加强当地城郊农村居民的环境法律知识教育和环境维权意识教育的建议,这也是提高城郊农村居民环境法律意识的途径所在。     

江苏省地理标志概况与价值评估体系构建研究

以江苏省43个地理标志为研究对象,根据国家地理标志的分类方法对其进行分类,构建价值评估体系,探讨地理标志产品的内在价值及发展重点。研究表明,江苏省地理标志类型较为单一,分布均匀;开发程度不同,可分为开发匮乏型、有待开发型和开发成熟型。通过价值体系评价可见,江苏省应重点挖掘产品的自身特色,发展价值意义突出的地理标志。     

香根草人工湿地处理生活污水的试验研究

通过建立香根草人工湿地系统,研究该系统对生活污水的COD、TP、TN的处理效果以及系统的耐污性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为6h的条件下,COD、TP、TN的去除率分别为63.5%、88.3%、72.4%。研究表明,香根草人工湿地系统对城镇生活污水具有较好的净化效果,且系统在该试验条件下耐污性良好。     

电磁辐射污染投诉原因分析及解决办法探讨

近年来,随着经济的发展,高压输变电工程和移动通信基站越来越多地落户于大型居民小区,由此引发的环境投诉和纠纷呈快速上涨趋势。电磁辐射污染投诉产生的原因主要是:电磁辐射环境管理法制不健全,思想上不重视,项目环保审批环节脱节,环保与规划部门信息交流不畅,公众维权意识增强,寻求其他经济利益;针对原因提出的预防和解决办法为:加强法制建设、强化现场监管,理顺项目审批和监管程序,建立与规划部门的联动机制,加强宣传,引导司法解决。     

德国环境设备责任制度初探

德国《民法典》确定了一般环境侵权的规则——行为责任,再以《环境责任法》确立了特殊的环境侵权的规则——设备责任。设备侵权是危险责任的一种,其构成要件有两个:设备运营对环境产生不良影响进而导致损害;人身、财产受侵害。设备责任的承担不要求设备运营人的过错。设备责任归责采用因果关系推定原则。     

高含硫天然气勘探开发潜在危害分析与防范

川东北地区大型天然气矿藏中硫化氢含量较高,且带有高剧毒性和高腐蚀性,勘探开发难度较大。同时气田所处区域的岩土条件十分脆弱,洪涝、大风、冰雹等气候灾害经常发生,易引发泥石流、滑坡,形成地质灾害。另外气田所在地人口密度大,给勘探开发设施布局和居民安全带来很大困难。文章通过对川东北地区天然气勘探、开发过程中存在的潜在危害进行详细分析,提出风险防范技术与对策,以供参考。