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51.
52.
Fukushima Y Liu PW Tsai JH Lee CF Tseng TK 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(1):85-94
The United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC) asks their Parties to submit a National Inventory Report (NIR) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on an annual basis. However, when many countries are quickly growing their economy, resulting in substantial GHG emissions, their inventory reporting systems either have not been established or been able to be linked to planning of mitigation measures at national administration levels. The present research was aimed to quantify the GHG emissions from an environmental sector in Taiwan and also to establish a linkage between the developed inventories and development of mitigation plans. The "environmental sector" consists of public service under jurisdiction of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration: landfilling, composting, waste transportation, wastewater treatment, night soil treatment, and solid waste incineration. The preliminary results were compared with that of the United States, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and Korea, considering the gaps in the scopes of the sectors. The GHG emissions from the Taiwanese environmental sector were mostly estimated by following the default methodology in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guideline, except that of night soil treatment and waste transportation that were modified or newly developed. The GHG emissions from the environmental sectors in 2004 were 10,225 kilotons of CO2 equivalent (kt CO2 Eq.). Landfilling (48.86%), solid waste incineration (27%), and wastewater treatment (21.5%) were the major contributors. Methane was the most significant GHG (70.6%), followed by carbon dioxide (27.8%) and nitrous oxide (1.6%). In summary, the GHG emissions estimated for the environmental sector in Taiwan provided reasonable preliminary results that were consistent and comparable with the existing authorized data. On the basis of the inventory results and the comparisons with the other countries, recommendations of mitigation plans were made, including wastewater and solid waste recycling, methane recovery for energy, and waste reduction/sorting. 相似文献
53.
Junya Yano Yasuhiro Hirai Kengo Okamoto Shin-ichi Sakai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2014,16(1):52-61
Since end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) contain toxic substances, they have to be treated properly. The purpose of this study was to obtain useful information for ELV management from the viewpoint of toxicity. We focused on lead as a representative toxic substance contained in vehicles and investigated the dynamic substance flow of lead contained in ELVs and its content in automobile shredder residue (ASR). A population balance model was used to estimate the number of ELVs generated between FYs (fiscal year) 1990–2020, employing a Weibull distribution for the lifespan distribution. Sixteen lead-containing components of the vehicle were considered. It was estimated that the annual number of ELVs generated would be 2.9 million as of FY2020. The results implied that it is hard to remove Pb completely. This is because 5,000–11,000 t-Pb will still remain in vehicles in use in FY2020 even though most components in new model vehicles could be replaced by lead-free alternatives. As of FY2010, the substance flow showed that Pb contained in ELVs amounted to 4,600–5,700 t-Pb. Of this, 13.2–14.0 % was contained in ASR. The Pb content in ASR could be dramatically decreased by FY2020, but it will continue to contain 240–420 mg-Pb/kg if the treatment system is not improved. 相似文献
54.
An evaluation of alternative household solid waste treatment practices using life cycle inventory assessment mode 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Waste disposal is an important part of the life cycle of a product and is associated with environmental burdens like any other
life-cycle stages. In this study, an integrated assessment for solid waste treatment practices, especially household solid
waste, was undertaken to evaluate the impact contribution of household solid waste treatment alternatives towards the sustainable
development by using Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method. A case study has been investigated under various possible scenarios, such as (1) landfill without landfill gas recovery,
(2) landfill with landfill gas recovery and flaring, (3) landfill with landfill gas recovery and electric generation, (4)
composting, and (5) incineration. The evaluation utilized the Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method for multiple assessments based on various aspects, such as greenhouse gas emission/reduction, energy generation/consumption,
economic benefit, investment and operating cost, and land use burden. The results showed that incineration was the most efficient
alternative for greenhouse gas emission reduction, economic benefit, energy recovery, and land use reduction, although it
was identified as the most expensive for investment and operating cost, while composting scenario was also an efficient alternative
with quite economic benefit, low investment and operating cost, and high reduction of land use, although it was identified
as existing greenhouse gas emission and no energy generation. Furthermore, the aim of this study was also to establish localized
assessment methods that waste management agencies, environmental engineers, and environmental policy decision makers can use
to quantify and compare the contribution to the impacts from different waste treatment options. 相似文献
55.
Decolorization and estrogenic activity of colored livestock wastewater after electrolysis treatment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hotaka Kai Yasuhiro Ishibashi Taiki Mori Hiroshi Ishibashi Isao Kawaguchi Hiroki Ohwaki Takehiro Takemasa Koji Arizono 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2010,12(2):128-135
Livestock wastewater is treated by activated sludge treatment. Untreated livestock wastewater has high estrogen activity because
animal excreta contains estrogen. When activated sludge treatment is applied, the estrogen activity declines or is lost. However,
the color of treated livestock wastewater is deep brownish-red because of the decomposition of organic compounds or the synthesis
of metabolites. Discharging colored wastewater to the environment could cause some problems, so it is necessary to decolorize
colored wastewater before it is discharged. It has been suggested that electrolysis decolorization technology is suitable
for treating colored wastewater; however, the process produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In fact, little research
has been conducted with reference to estrogen activity in wastewater that has undergone electrolysis, especially on the contribution
of the electrolysis decolorization process to estrogen activity, i.e., the possibility of resynthesis of some substance with
estrogen activity due to resolved and metabolized colored components. In this study, the concentration of VOC was measured
for various electrolysis conditions, and estrogen activity was examined using a yeast two-hybrid assay. From the results,
decolorization of colored livestock wastewater by electrolysis was possible, and the VOC generation during electrolysis could
be controlled depending on the electrolysis conditions. Estrogen activity in colored livestock wastewater disappeared on electrolysis
decolorization. 相似文献
56.
57.
Assessment of plastic waste generation and its potential recycling of household solid waste in Can Tho City, Vietnam 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nguyen Phuc Thanh Yasuhiro Matsui Takeshi Fujiwara 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,175(1-4):23-35
Plastic solid waste has become a serious problem when considering the disposal alternatives following the sequential hierarchy of sound solid waste management. This study was undertaken to assess the quantity and composition of household solid waste, especially plastic waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling. A 1-month survey of 130 households was carried out in Can Tho City, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into ten physical categories; especially plastic waste was sorted into 22 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 281.27 g/cap/day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for high percentage as 80.74% and 11%. Regarding plastic waste, the average plastic waste generation rate was 17.24 g/cap/day; plastic packaging and plastic containers dominated with the high percentage, 95.64% of plastic waste. Plastic shopping bags were especially identified as the major component, accounting for 45.72% of total plastic waste. Relevant factors such as household income and household size were found to have an existing correlation to plastic waste generation in detailed composition. The household habits and behaviors of plastic waste discharge and the aspects of environmental impacts and resource consumption for plastic waste disposal alternatives were also evaluated. 相似文献
58.
59.
The draft legislation on e-waste prepared by the Chinese national government assigns management responsibility to local governments. It is an urgent task for the municipal government to plan an effective system as soon as possible to divert the e-waste flow from the existing informal e-waste recycling processes. This paper presents a case study implemented in Beijing, the capital city of China, with the purpose of predicting the amount of obsolete equipment for five main kinds of electronic appliances from urban households and to analyse the flow after the end of their useful phase. The amount to be handled was 885,354 units in 2005 and is predicted to double by 2010. Due to consumption growth and the expansion of urbanization it is estimated that the amount will increase to approximate 2,820,000 units by 2020: 70% of the obsolete appliances will be awaiting collection for possible recycling, 7% will be stored at the owner's home for 1 year on average and 4% will be discarded directly and enter the municipal solid waste collecting system. The remaining items will be reused for about 3 years on average after the change of ownership. The results of this study will assist the waste management authorities of Beijing to plan the collecting system and facilities needed for management of e-waste generated in the near future. 相似文献
60.
Bites inflicted on humans by the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), a prosimian from Indonesia, are painful and elicit anaphylaxis. Toxins from N. coucang are thought to originate in the brachial organ, a naked, gland-laden area of skin situated on the flexor surface of the arm that is licked during grooming. We isolated a major component of the brachial organ secretions from N. coucang, an approximately 18 kDa protein composed of two 70-90 amino-acid chains linked by one or more disulfide bonds. The N-termini of these peptide chains exhibit nearly 70% sequence similarity (37% identity, chain 1; 54% identity, chain 2) with the two chains of Fel d 1, the major allergen from the domestic cat (Felis catus). The extensive sequence similarity between the brachial organ component of N. coucang and the cat allergen suggests that they exhibit immunogenic cross-reactivity. This work clarifies the chemical nature of the brachial organ exudate and suggests a possible mode of action underlying the noxious effects of slow loris bites. 相似文献