垃圾填埋场水分迁移模型的应用研究

以渗滤液回灌为核心的填埋场生化反应器是当今国际固体废物研究的新方向 ,其具有减少渗滤液处理难度和加速填埋场稳定化的作用 ,其中控制填埋场水分是关键。本文通过对填埋场水分运移特征的分析 ,建立了渗滤液回灌条件下 ,生化反应器填埋场水分迁移的饱和 -非饱和三维非稳定数学模型 ,并求其有限单元数值解 ,定量模拟和预报不同回灌条件下填埋场水分的时空分布规律并进行实用研究。针对重庆市长生桥卫生填埋场设计情况和实际条件 ,运移模拟模型分析了水平沟和竖式井回灌条件下填埋场内水分的分布规律 ,证明了协同回灌方式的有效性     

论公众参与环境影响评价制度

概述了环境影响评价制度的涵义,分析了传统公众参与环境影响评价制度的缺失,并提出解决机制缺失的对策,尤其强调工业生态学理念的重要性。环境评价与环境公共政策的有机结合对于环境影响评价制度的完善有着较强的理论可操作性与实践意义.     

塔河油田钻井废弃泥浆无害化处理技术研究

为了对新疆塔河油田钻井过程中产生的废弃泥浆的污染情况进行研究,提出了以多个井场废弃泥浆为试样,采用水泥、生石灰、粉煤灰等固化剂进行固化处理,对不同井场的废弃泥浆进行泥浆固化的药剂配比试验,经试验分析确定废弃泥浆浸出液主要污染指标为COD cr和pH值,固化剂中的水泥及生石灰对固化效果起着决定性的影响,结果表明以16%水泥+2%生石灰+8%粉煤灰+1%氯化钙+5%石膏的最佳配比方案,使固化后浸出液中各项环境指标达到排放标准,保证塔河油田的废泥浆固化处理能够有效施行。     

Solar-induced generation of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical in sewage wastewaters

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of ¹O₂ and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the ¹O₂ formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10^?8 to 6.74 × 10^?8 mol L^?1 s^?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10^?11 to 3.06 × 10^?10 mol L^?1 s^?1. The average ¹O₂ formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater.     

Decolorization and biodegradation of dye wastewaters by a facultative-aerobic process

BACKGROUND: Dye wastewater is one of the main pollution sources of water bodies in China. Conventional biological processes are relatively ineffective for color removal, the development of alternative treatment methods will become important. Our subjective was that of introducing a new biotreatment technology which combined a facultative biofilm reactor (FBR) with an aerobic reactor (AR) to treat a dye wastewater. The efficiencies of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the mechanism of dye degradation were investigated. METHODS: The anthraquinone acid dye (acid blue BRLL) concentration, organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were varied in the experiments to evaluate the treatment efficiency and process stability. The biodegradation products were detected by infrared (IR) and high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated that the facultative biofilm process was more effective for decolorization than the anaerobic stage of an anaerobic-aerobic process. Most color removal occurred in the facultative reaction (maximum to 88.5%) and the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand): COD of the FBR effluent increased by 82.2%, thus improving the biodegradability of dyes for further aerobic treatment. The dye concentration, OLR and HRT will be the factors affecting decolorization. Color removal efficiency falls as the influent dye concentration increases, but rises with increased HRT. The infrared and HPLC-MS analyses of the effluents of FBR and AR reveal that the dye parent compound was degraded in each reactor during the process. CONCLUSION: The Facultative-aerobic (F-A) system can effectively remove both color and COD from the dye wastewater. The FBR played an essential role in the process. The average overall color and COD in the system were removed by more than 93.9% and 97.1%, respectively, at an OLR of 1.1 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and at the HRT of 18-20 hours in the FBR and 4-5 hours in the AR. The color removal mechanism in each reactor was not only a sort of biosorption on the floc materials, but even more an effect of biodegradation, especially in the facultative process. Recommendation and Outlook. In applying the F-A system to treat a dye wastewater, the control of facultative processes and the set up of appropriate operation conditions appear to be critical factors. Also, it is suggested a moderate COD loading rate and about a 24-hour HRT will favor the F-A system.     

Understanding the risks of mercury sulfide nanoparticles in the environment: Formation, presence, and environmental behaviors

Mercury (Hg) could be microbially methylated to the bioaccumulative neurotoxin methylmercury (MeHg), raising health concerns. Understanding the methylation of various Hg species is thus critical in predicting the MeHg risk. Among the known Hg species, mercury sulfide (HgS) is the largest Hg reservoir in the lithosphere and has long been considered to be highly inert. However, with advances in the analytical methods of nanoparticles, HgS nanoparticles (HgS NPs) have recently been detected in various environmental matrices or organisms. Furthermore, pioneering laboratory studies have reported the high bioavailability of HgS NPs. The formation, presence, and transformation (e.g., methylation) of HgS NPs are intricately related to several environmental factors, especially dissolved organic matter (DOM). The complexity of the behavior of HgS NPs and the heterogeneity of DOM prevent us from comprehensively understanding and predicting the risk of HgS NPs. To reveal the role of HgS NPs in Hg biogeochemical cycling, research needs should focus on the following aspects: the formation pathways, the presence, and the environmental behaviors of HgS NPs impacted by the dominant influential factor of DOM. We thus summarized the latest progress in these aspects and proposed future research priorities, e.g., developing the detection techniques of HgS NPs and probing HgS NPs in various matrices, further exploring the interactions between DOM and HgS NPs. Besides, as most of the previous studies were conducted in laboratories, our current knowledge should be further refreshed through field observations, which would help to gain better insights into predicting the Hg risks in natural environment.     

不同吸附剂处理废水中磷的对比研究

为了降低富营养化,实验中讨论了粉煤灰、活性炭两种吸附剂对人工配制的含磷废水的去除效果。从投药量、废水pH值以及振荡时间三个方面考察了对吸附作用的影响。实验结果显示：粉煤灰对磷的去除效果远比活性炭的好,而且还可达到以废治废的效果。粉煤灰、活性炭的最佳投药量分别为0．06g／ml、0．05g／ml;最佳pH值均为6;最佳振荡时间分别为5h、7h;在上述条件下,粉煤灰对磷的吸附率可达90．38％,而活性炭则为31．54％。     

Study on determination of iron,cobalt, nickel,copper, zinc and manganese in drinking water by solid-phase extraction and RP-HPLC with 2-(2-quinolinylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol as precolumn derivatizing reagent

A new method for the determination of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and manganese in drinking water by the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with 2-(2-quinolinylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (QADEAP) as precolumn derivatizing reagent was studied in this paper. The iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and manganese ions react with QADEAP to form color chelates in the presence of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and acetic acid-sodium acetic buffer solution medium of pH 4.0. These chelates were enriched by solid-phase extraction with a Waters Nova-Pak C18 cartridge and eluted the retained chelates from the cartridge with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The enrichment factor of 100 was achieved. Then the chelates were separated on a Waters Nova-Pak C18 column (3.9 x 150 mm, 5 microm) by gradient elution with methanol (containing 0.2% of acetic acid and 0.1% of CTMAB) and 0.05 mol L(-1) acetic acid-sodium acetic buffer solution (containing 0.1% of CTMAB) (pH 4.0) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 ml min(-1), and monitored with a photodiode array detector from 450 approximately 700 nm. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and manganese are 0.8, 1.1, 0.9, 1.1, 1.5 and 2.0 ng L(-1), respectively, in the original sample. This method can be applied to determination at the microg L(-1) level of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and manganese in drinking water with good results.     

特厚煤层综放工作面多参量监测预警分析

根据某矿12220工作面特厚煤层综放开采,穿越F16逆冲断层的特殊情况,为保证安全生产及时提供预警信息,采用微震、钻屑量、支架阻力、地表变形多种监测手段综合分析回采过程中的参量变化规律。结果表明:微震活动的峰值能量周期约为3 d,回采间距约为4.5 m,且断层下盘较上盘的微震事件能量更集中;钻屑量的统计分析发现最大值出现在上巷下帮7～11 m和下巷上帮9～11 m范围内,划定该区域为巷帮高应力集中区,并将平均钻屑量3 kg/m作为黄色预警临界值,3.5 kg/m作为红色预警临界值;另外,根据支架前、后柱阻力变化情况,划定了2个连续变化的高压力区,发现在初撑力偏低,甚至不接顶、虚顶情况下,支架梁顶部煤体受自重和构造应力作用易发生准脆性受拉断裂破坏,且在穿越逆冲断层的回采过程中,支架阻力峰值呈现由中下部向上部转移的变化规律;最后,通过对地表走向、倾向测点的变形量数据进行统计分析发现,走向面后84.9～284.8 m范围内下沉量较大,下沉速率增幅明显;而工作面倾向中部下沉量最大,整体下沉变形呈二次抛物型,其中下部下沉速率增幅明显。