An empirical analysis of energy efficiency measures applicable to cities,regions, and local governments,based on the case of South Korea’s local energy saving program

As highlighted in the outcome of the Paris Agreement at the 21st Conference of Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change there has been a recent push for the stronger mitigation actions of cities, regions, and local governments. Energy efficiency is a tool that can be leveraged by not only industry or national governments but also cities, regions, and local governments for mitigation purposes. However, studies on energy efficiency as a mitigation tool thus far have focused on the national or transnational scale, and on certain sectors of industry. The purpose of this paper is to find the most cost-efficient energy efficiency measures (EEMs) at the city, region, and local government level. To that end, this paper examines the yearly energy savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction intensity, as well as energy savings and GHG reduction efficiency, in the case of EEMs conducted by South Korean local governments. Yearly energy savings intensity and GHG reduction intensity are estimated to be in the range of 0.094～0.375 tonne of oil equivalent (TOE)/M-KRW (million Korean won) and 0.287～1.180 tCO2e/M-KRW. Results show that inverter installation at water and sewage treatment plants and improvement of pump efficiency are the most cost-efficient EEMs. Moreover, energy savings efficiency and GHG reduction efficiency are within the range of 18.29～45.31 %, at an average of 30.5 % GHG reduction potential. If this reduction potential is applied to the buildings and facilities regulated and run by cities/local governments, there is a worldwide reduction potential of 1.023 billion tCO₂ compared to 2020 business as usual levels.     

不同浓度锌离子污染土的工程力学性能试验研究

通过直剪试验、压缩试验和三轴试验对人工制备最优含水率下不同浓度锌离子污染土的工程力学性能进行测试,研究了不同锌离子浓度污染土的抗剪强度和压缩特性。结果表明:随着锌离子浓度的增加,污染土的内摩擦角和压缩系数增加,内聚力和压缩模量下降,而污染土的孔隙比随着锌离子浓度的增加先减小后增大;在不同垂直压力下,随着压力的增加,污染土的压缩系数整体先减小后增大,压缩模量先增大后减小。     

船用钢板材料在淡水环境中初期腐蚀行为

目的研究船用钢板材料在长江淡水环境中的初期腐蚀行为。方法运用形貌分析、腐蚀质量损失、XRD、开路电位、极化曲线等方法研究Q235B和CCSA两种船用钢板材料在室外长江淡水环境中不同暴露方式(水面大气、半浸、全浸)及不同浸泡时间(0.5,1 a)腐蚀行为;室内长江淡水环境不同暴露方式(半浸、全浸)浸泡768 h内的腐蚀行为;室内长江淡水环境全浸泡下在不同时间(0~14 d)的电化学腐蚀行为。结果两种船用钢板材料在武汉长江淡水中腐蚀严重,半浸泡环境下腐蚀速率最大,达到100μm/a,水面区大气腐蚀速率最小,腐蚀速率为30μm/a左右,全浸区腐蚀速率为80μm/a左右,1 a和0.5 a的腐蚀速率相近,CCSA耐蚀性优于Q235B。室内长江淡水浸泡环境下两种船用钢板材料腐蚀电位随时间而降低,2d后趋于稳定;半浸泡环境下腐蚀速率大于全浸区;极化曲线说明浸泡2 d后,腐蚀速率降低且趋于稳定。结论 CCSA耐蚀性优于Q235B,半浸泡环境下腐蚀最严重,其次为全浸区,水面大气环境腐蚀最小。     

分光光度法测定总氮的准确度研究

采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水中总氮时常出现空白值偏高、样品平行性较差、实验准确度不高等现象.为此,从总氮的测定过程出发,探讨了影响总氮测定的主要因素,有利于提高水质总氮测定的准确度.结果表明,分析试剂纯度、实验用水水质、器皿的清洗程度等对总氮的测定均有一定影响,适当延长消解时间与提高消解温度也有利于降低总氮的空白值.因此可通过优化各实验条件来提高实验的准确性,以保证实验室的设备仪器、检测人员和环境等条件满足分析要求.     

污水净化装置内部流场特性分析研究

针对目前城市污水存在悬浮物和砂粒的问题,为了减少砂粒大量存在给后续单元带来的处理压力,设计了一种可实现在加药、絮凝等处理模块前,完成污水内固相悬浮物及颗粒的新型净化装置.基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent,运用混合相模型(Mixture),对新型污水净化装置内部流场特性及分离性能进行数值模拟分析.模拟结果显示新型污水净化装置内部流场分布均匀,分离性能稳定并呈现出了较好的固相去除效果,其中悬浮物的分离效率达90%以上,固相颗粒分离效率达91%.     

辽宁省近岸海域陆源水环境风险调查评估研究

以辽宁沿海地区陆域水环境风险调查为基础,借鉴了国际海事组织《73/78防污公约》和《IBC规则》等相关管理要求及技术规定,构建了风险识别及评估体系,并对辽宁近岸海域的水环境风险状况进行了调查评估.共识别出近岸海域水环境风险源128个,其中以大连地区近岸海域水环境风险源分布最为集中,风险行业主要集中在石化加工、化学原料制造,以及原油码头、储油罐区等行业企业.     

The Effect of Heat and Free Chlorine Treatments on the Surface Properties of Murine Norovirus

Heat and free chlorine are among the most efficient and commonly used treatments to inactivate enteric viruses, but their global inactivation mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. These treatments have been shown to affect at least the capsid proteins of viruses and thus may affect the surface properties (i.e. electrostatic charge and hydrophobicity) of such particles. Our aim was to study the effects of heat and free chlorine on surface properties for a murine norovirus chosen as surrogate for human norovirus. No changes in the surface properties were observed with our methods for murine norovirus exposed to free chlorine. Only the heat treatment led to major changes in the surface properties of the virus with the expression of hydrophobic domains at the surface of the particles after exposure to a temperature of 55 °C. No modification of the expression of hydrophobic domains occurred after exposure to 60 °C, and the low hydrophobic state exhibited by infectious and inactivated particles after exposure to 60 °C appeared to be irreversible for inactivated particles only, which may provide a means to discriminate infectious from inactivated murine noroviruses. When exposed to a temperature of 72 °C or to free chlorine at a concentration of 50 mg/L, the genome became available for RNases.     

Use of ATP Readings to Predict a Successful Hygiene Intervention in the Workplace to Reduce the Spread of Viruses on Fomites

The purpose of this study was to validate the use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for evaluating hygiene intervention effectiveness in reducing viral dissemination in an office environment. The bacterial virus MS-2 was used to evaluate two scenarios, one where the hand of an individual was contaminated and another where a fomite was contaminated. MS-2 was selected as a model because its shape and size are similar to many human pathogenic viruses. Two separate experiments were conducted, one in which the entrance door push plate was inoculated and the other in which the hand of one selected employee was inoculated. In both scenarios, 54 selected surfaces in the office were tested to assess the dissemination of the virus within the office. Associated surface contamination was also measured employing an ATP meter. More than half of the tested hands and surfaces in the office were contaminated with MS-2 within 4 h. Next, an intervention was conducted, and each scenario was repeated. Half of the participating employees were provided hand sanitizer, facial tissues, and disinfecting wipes, and were instructed in their use. A significant (p < 0.05) reduction was observed in the number of surfaces contaminated with virus. This reduction in viral spread was evident from the results of both viral culture and the surface ATP measurements, although there was no direct correlation between ATP measurements with respect to viral concentration. Although ATP does not measure viruses, these results demonstrate that ATP measurements could be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of hygiene interventions aimed at preventing viral spread in the workplace.     

Norovirus GII.Pe Genotype: Tracking a Foodborne Outbreak on a Cruise Ship Through Molecular Epidemiology,Brazil, 2014

Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as the most common cause of foodborne outbreaks. In 2014, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred on a cruise ship in Brazil, and NoV became the suspected etiology. Here we present the molecular identification of the NoV strains and the use of sequence analysis to determine modes of virus transmission. Food (cream cheese, tuna salad, grilled fish, orange mousse, and vegetables soup) and clinical samples were analyzed by ELISA, conventional RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and sequencing. Genogroup GII NoV was identified by ELISA and conventional RT-PCR in fecal samples from 5 of 12 patients tested (41.7%), and in the orange mousse food sample by conventional RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. Two fecal GII NoV samples and the orange mousse GII NoV sample were successfully genotyped as GII.Pe (ORF 1), revealed 98.0–98.8% identities among them, and shared phylogenetically distinct cluster. Establishing the source of a NoV outbreak can be a challenging task. In this report, the molecular analysis of the partial RdRp NoV gene provided a powerful tool for genotyping (GII.Pe) and tracking of outbreak-related samples. In addition, the same fast and simple extraction methods applied to clinical samples could be successfully used for complex food matrices, and have the potential to be introduced in routine laboratories for screening foods for presence of NoV.