Thermal and Biodegradable Properties of Poly(<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-lactide)/Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Compounded with Functionalized Organoclay

Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends were compounded with commercially available organoclay Cloisite 25A (C25A) and C25A functionalized with epoxy groups, respectively. Epoxy groups on the surface of C25A were introduced by treating C25A with (glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxy silane (GPS) to produce so called Functionalized Organoclay (F-C25A). The silicate layers of PLLA/PCL/F-C25A were exfoliated to a larger extent than PLLA/PCL/C25A. Incorporation of the epoxy groups on C25A improved significantly mechanical properties of PLLA/PCL/C25A. The larger amount of exfoliation of the silicate layers in PLLA/PCL/F-C25A as compared with that in PLLA/PCL/C25A was attributed to the increased interfacial interaction between the polyesters and the clay due to chemical reaction. Thermo gravimetric analysis revealed that the nanocomposites with exfoliated silicate layers were more thermally stable than those with intercalated silicate layers. The biodegradability of the neat PLLA/PCL and corresponding nanocomposite was studied under compost, and the rate of biodegradation of PLLA/PCL increased after nanocomposite preparation.     

Economic and environmental optimization of a multi-site utility network for an industrial complex

Most chemical companies consume a lot of steam, water and electrical resources in the production process. Given recent record fuel costs, utility networks must be optimized to reduce the overall cost of production. Environmental concerns must also be considered when preparing modifications to satisfy the requirements for industrial utilities, since wastes discharged from the utility networks are restricted by environmental regulations. Construction of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) has drawn attention as a promising approach for retrofitting existing industrial parks to improve energy efficiency. The optimization of the utility network within an industrial complex is one of the most important undertakings to minimize energy consumption and waste loads in the EIP.In this work, a systematic approach to optimize the utility network of an industrial complex is presented. An important issue in the optimization of a utility network is the desire of the companies to achieve high profits while complying with the environmental regulations. Therefore, the proposed optimization was performed with consideration of both economic and environmental factors.The proposed approach consists of unit modeling using thermodynamic principles, mass and energy balances, development of a multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for the integration of utility systems in an industrial complex, and an economic/environmental analysis of the results. This approach is applied to the Yeosu Industrial Complex, considering seasonal utility demands. The results show that both the total utility cost and waste load are reduced by optimizing the utility network of an industrial complex.     

Oyster shell as substitute for aggregate in mortar.

Enormous amounts of oyster shell waste have been illegally disposed of at oyster farm sites along the southern coast of Korea. In this study to evaluate the possibility of recycling this waste for use as a construction material, the mechanical characteristics of pulverized oyster shell were investigated in terms of its potential utilization as a substitute for the aggregates used in mortar. The unconfined compressive strengths of various soil mortar specimens, with varying blending ratios of cement, water and oyster shell, were evaluated by performing unconfined compression tests, and the results were compared with the strengths of normal cement mortar made with sand. In addition, the effect of organic chemicals on the hardening of concrete was evaluated by preparing ethyl-benzene-mixed mortar specimens. The long-term strength improvement resulting from the addition of fly ash was also examined by performing unconfined compression tests on specimens with fly-ash content. There was no significant reduction in the compressive strength of the mortars containing small oyster shell particles instead of sand. From these test data, the possible application of oyster shells in construction materials could be verified, and the change in the strength parameters according to the presence of organic compounds was also evaluated.     

Effect of dissolved metal ions on PCE decomposition by gamma-rays

This study investigates the effect of initial tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentration, irradiation dose and dissolved metal ions such as Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ on removal of PCE by gamma irradiation. The amount of removed PCE decreased with increase in initial PCE concentration and increased with increase in irradiation dose. PCE removal reached a maximum in the presence of Fe3+, while Cu2+ strongly hindered PCE decomposition. Except for Cu2+, the amount of removed PCE in the presence of metal ions was linearly dependent on the standard reduction potential of the metal ions. The extraordinary inhibition of Cu2+ in PCE removal was caused by the action of Cu2+ as a strong *OH scavenger, that was directly confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of nonaqueous phase liquid during soil vapor extraction in heterogeneous porous media

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is commonly used to remediate nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from the vadose zone. This paper aims to determine the effect of grain size heterogeneity on the removal of NAPL in porous media during SVE. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to observe and quantify the amount and location of NAPL in flow-through columns filled with silica gel grains. MRI is unique because it is nondestructive, allowing three-dimensional images to be taken of the phases as a function of space and time. Columns were packed with silica gel in three ways: coarse grains (250-550 microm) only, fine grains (32-63 microm) only, and a core of fine grains surrounded by a shell of coarse grains. Columns saturated with water were drained under a constant suction head, contaminated with decane, and then drained to different decane saturations. Each column was then continuously purged with water-saturated nitrogen gas and images were taken intermittently. Results showed that at residual saturation, a sharp volatilization front moved through the columns filled with either coarse-grain or fine-grain silica gel. In the heterogeneous columns, the volatilization front in the core lagged just behind the shell because gas flow was greater through the shell and decane in the core diffused outward to the shell. When decane saturation in the core was above residual saturation, decane volatilization occurred near the inlet, the relative decane saturation throughout the core dropped uniformly, and decane in the core flowed in the liquid phase to the shell to replenish volatilized decane. These results indicate that NAPL trapped in low-permeability zones can flow to replenish areas where NAPL is lost due to SVE. However, when residual NAPL saturation is reached, NAPL flow no longer occurs and diffusion limits removal from low-permeability zones.     

Associations between particle number and gaseous co-pollutant concentrations in the Los Angeles Basin

Continuous measurements of particle number (PN), particle mass (PM10), and gaseous pollutants [carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and ozone (O3)] were performed at five urban sites in the Los Angeles Basin to support the University of Southern California Children's Health Study in 2002. The degree of correlation between hourly PN and concentrations of CO, NO, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at each site over the entire year was generally low to moderate (r values in the range of 0.1-0.5), with a few notable exceptions. In general, associations between PN and O3 were either negative or insignificant. Similar analyses of seasonal data resulted in levels of correlation with large variation, ranging from 0.0 to 0.94 depending on site and season. Summertime data showed a generally higher correlation between the 24-hr average PN concentrations and CO, NO, and NO2 than corresponding hourly concentrations. Hourly correlations between PN and both CO and NO were strengthened during morning rush-hour periods, indicating a common vehicular source. Comparing hourly particle number concentrations between sites also showed low to moderate spatial correlations, with most correlation coefficients below 0.4. Given the low to moderate associations found in this study, gaseous co-pollutants should not be used as surrogates to assess human exposure to airborne particle number concentrations.     

Model development for nutrient loading estimates from paddy rice fields in Korea

A field experiment was performed to evaluate water and nutrient balances in paddy rice culture operations during 2001-2002. The water balance analysis indicated that about half (50-60%) of the total outflow was lost by surface drainage, with the remainder occurring by evapotranspiration (490-530 mm). The surface drainage from paddy fields was mainly caused by rainfall and forced-drainage, and in particular, the runoff during early rice culture periods depends more on the forced-drainage due to fertilization practices. Most of the total phosphorus (T-P) inflow was supplied by fertilization at transplanting, while the total nitrogen (T-N) inflow was supplied by the three fertilizations, precipitation. and from the upper paddy field, which comprised 13-33% of the total inflow. Although most of the nutrient outflow was attributed to plant uptake. nutrient loss by surface drainage was substantial, comprising 20% for T-N and 10% for T-P. Water and nutrient balances indicate that reduction of surface drainage from paddy rice fields is imperative for nonpoint source pollution control. The simplified computer model, PADDIMOD, was developed to simulate water and nutrient (T-N and T-P) behavior in the paddy rice field. The model predicts daily ponded water depth, surface drainage, and nutrient concentrations. It was formulated with a few equations and simplified assumptions, but its application and a model fitness test indicated that the simulation results reasonably matched the observed data. It is a simple and convenient planning model that could be used to evaluate BMPs of paddy rice fields alone or in combination with other complex watershed models. Application of the PADDIMOD to other paddy rice fields with different agricultural environments might require further calibration and validation.     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: Economic Values of Recreational Power Boating Resources in Pennsylvania

/ The travel cost method was used to estimate the economic value of seven major power boating resources in Pennsylvania. A significant relationship between number of visitor trips and cost per visitor trip existed for five of the seven water bodies. The annual total value for those five resources was $396 million, which was 2.5 times greater than the total out-of-pocket expenditures of approximately $157 million visitors spent to visit them. Research results can help resource managers plan and craft programs and policies that are founded on economic values of the natural resources involved.     

Process control factors for continuous microbial perchlorate reduction in the presence of zero-valent iron

Process control parameters influencing microbial perchlorate reduction via a flow-through zero-valent iron （ZVI） column reactor were investigated in order to optimize perchlorate removal from water. Mixed perchlorate reducers were obtained from a wastewater treatment plant and inoculated into the reactor without further acclimation. Examined parameters included hydraulic residence time （HRT）, pH, nutrients requirement, and perchlorate reduction kinetics. The minimum HRT for the system was concluded to be 8 hr. The removal efficiency of 10 mg. L-1 influent perchlorate concentration was reduced by 20%-80% without control to the neutral pH （HRT = 8 hr）. Therefore pH was determined to be an important parameter for microbial perchlorate reduction. Furthermore, a viable alternative to pH buffer was discussed. The microbial perchlorate reduction followed the first order kinetics, with a rate constant （K） of 0.761 hr-1. The results from this study will contribute to the implementation of a safe, cost effective, and efficient system for perchlorate reduction to below regulated levels.     

Identification of marine bacteria affecting lithium adsorbents in seawater

Lithium manganese oxide–based adsorbents have been developed for the recovery of lithium from seawater. To maximize the recovery efficiency, it is important to prevent microfouling of lithium adsorbents by marine bacteria. To identify the marine bacteria that cause biofouling against the lithium adsorbents, lithium adsorbents were installed into a non-coated frame or a frame coated with an antifouling agent soaked in seawater. Microorganisms from the surface of lithium adsorbents were collected for 30 days at 10-day intervals, cultured in marine broth, isolated, and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio were constituted to 35.6 and 28.8 % of total isolates, respectively, and were predominant in the non-coated frame, whereas Vibrio was poorly isolated (2.3 %) from the antifouling agent–coated frame. In this study, antifouling strategy for maximum lithium recovery efficiency in the marine area takes account of Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio.