氮肥使用对北方夏玉米季氨挥发的影响

氨挥发是农田作物生产中氮肥损失的主要途径之一,对空气质量有重要影响.为研究我国北方地区化肥类型、施用数量、施氮时期以及采样方法等因素对夏玉米季氨挥发的影响,本研究收集了1980~2018年发表的北方地区夏玉米生产中氨挥发的研究文献,并对数据进行统计分析.结果发现,随着化肥施氮量的增加,氨挥发总量呈指数型增长,净氨挥发量呈幂函数型增长.基肥/追肥施氮量为1/1时,追肥期氨挥发总量和净氨挥发量显著高于基肥期（P<0.05）,氨挥发总量分别约占总生育期的58.4%和41.6%.随着施氮量的增加,激发效应先表现为负效应后逐渐转变为正效应,转折点施氮量为297 kg ·hm^-2.采用抽气法与海绵法测定的氨挥发量存在显著差异（P<0.01）,且抽气法测定数据更为稳定.施用缓释尿素相较于普通尿素可降低氨挥发约20%~50%.我国北方夏玉米生产中,合理控制追肥期施氮量更有助于减少氨挥发,且高氮肥条件下抽气法比海绵法更适合于氨挥发的测定.     

乐安河流域面源营养物质输移研究

根据乐安河流域2009~2011年17个监测断面的定期观测数据,初步分析了流域内总氮、总磷的时空分布规律。运用WATLAC水文模型和MESAW营养盐模型,对乐安河流域营养物质产出与输移进行模拟,估算主要土地利用方式营养物输出系数、产出量及河道滞留率。研究表明：该流域氮年产出量为10 4380 t,对流域出口处的贡献量为5 8557 t,滞留率为439%;磷年产出量为1 0037 t,对流域出口贡献量为3449 t,滞留率为656%。由于氮的可溶性强和流动性更强,因此比磷的产生量和贡献量都更多,并且滞留率受降雨影响更为显著。延长污染物的迁移路径和时间,可增加营养物的滞留率,减少对河道的贡献量     

经济发达地区镇域农村居民点演变驱动力空间差异研究

采用Logistic回归分析法、对比分析法等,以地处经济发达地区的陆渡镇及浏河镇为例,从镇域尺度探讨农村居民点演变驱动机理及其空间差异。结果显示：（1）两镇农村居民点减少的一般因素中农民人均纯收入、人均居民点面积均具有正向作用,到城镇的距离具有负向作用,3者作用大小具有区域差异,农村工业发展及到公路的距离对不同地区作用方向不同;而粮食产量仅对陆渡镇有负向作用;（2）两镇农村居民点增加的一般因素中农民人均纯收入、农业发展均具有正向作用,而到公路的距离、基本农田则具有负向作用,4者作用方向及程度排序一致;而除一般因素及到城镇的距离外的其他因素均为特殊因素。研究表明,农村居民点变化驱动力及其作用程度与方向具有区域差异性;为优化农村居民点布局,应把握不同地区农村居民点演变驱动力机理的空间差异,制定差别化政策措施     

安徽与周边地区地震活动关系的研究

在对中国大陆东部与银川地震带及安徽地区地震活动周期进行划分与研究的基础上 ,将安徽与周边特定地区每周期的地震活动 ,划分为 2 4个时空序次。分析研究安徽 4个地震与周边特定地区 2 0个地震时空序次的关系 ,预测未来几年内安徽中西部地区可能发生MS5 .0～ 5 .75地震     

Mussel watch program for organic contaminants along the Korean coast, 2001–2007

The level and extent of organic contaminants along the Korean coast were estimated through the mussel watch program, established in 2001. Mussels and oysters were collected at 20 sites along the Korean coast in 2001 and at 25 sites from 2002 to 2007. The mussel tissues were analyzed for PCBs, organochlorine presticides, PAHs, BTs, and PCDD/Fs. PCBs, PAHs, BTs, and PCDD/Fs were ubiquitous contaminants along the Korean coast, showing mean detection frequencies of more than 95% over 7 years. The concentrations of organic contaminants in mussels along the Korean coast were relatively low or moderate compared with foreign studies. Concentrations of DDTs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were below the action or maximum levels for humans established by USFDA and EU. Elevated concentrations above the 85th percentile were found for PCBs, PAHs, BTs, and PCDD/Fs at sites near industrial complexes or big harbors, for HCHs at sites near non-industrial complexes, and for DDTs at sites near both non-industrial and industrial complexes. Using two nonparametric tests to assess temporal trends, the Spearman test revealed that BTs and PCDD/Fs had significant decreasing trends at four sites (Gwangyang Bay, Cheonsu Bay, Garorym Bay, and the Incheon coast) and at six sites (Hupo coast, Guryongpo coast, eastern part of Geojedo, Gunsan coast, Garorym Bay, and Asan Bay), respectively.     

Traffic and meteorological impacts on near-road air quality: summary of methods and trends from the Raleigh Near-Road Study

A growing number of epidemiological studies conducted worldwide suggest an increase in the occurrence of adverse health effects in populations living, working, or going to school near major roadways. A study was designed to assess traffic emissions impacts on air quality and particle toxicity near a heavily traveled highway. In an attempt to describe the complex mixture of pollutants and atmospheric transport mechanisms affecting pollutant dispersion in this near-highway environment, several real-time and time-integrated sampling devices measured air quality concentrations at multiple distances and heights from the road. Pollutants analyzed included U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-regulated gases, particulate matter (coarse, fine, and ultrafine), and air toxics. Pollutant measurements were synchronized with real-time traffic and meteorological monitoring devices to provide continuous and integrated assessments of the variation of near-road air pollutant concentrations and particle toxicity with changing traffic and environmental conditions, as well as distance from the road. Measurement results demonstrated the temporal and spatial impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality. The distribution of mobile source emitted gas and particulate pollutants under all wind and traffic conditions indicated a higher proportion of elevated concentrations near the road, suggesting elevated exposures for populations spending significant amounts of time in this microenvironment. Diurnal variations in pollutant concentrations also demonstrated the impact of traffic activity and meteorology on near-road air quality. Time-resolved measurements of multiple pollutants demonstrated that traffic emissions produced a complex mixture of criteria and air toxic pollutants in this microenvironment. These results provide a foundation for future assessments of these data to identify the relationship of traffic activity and meteorology on air quality concentrations and population exposures.     

Increased risk of abortion after genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies

Forty-seven twin pregnancies among 3676 patients who had a genetic amniocentesis between 1973 and 1979, are reported. The detection rate of twins at the time of amniocentesis was 62 per cent. Five (17 per cent) of the 29 women with detected twin pregnancy aborted spontaneously, these are compared with 1 (6 per cent) of 18 women with undetected twin pregnancies and with 3 (3 per cent) of 93 singleton pregnancies, selected as controls as they had amniocentesis performed immediately before and after each of the twin mothers. Two of 9 (22 per cent) twin pregnancies, who had at least two punctures in at least one sac aborted, while 3 of 20 twin pregnancies with one puncture in each sac aborted (15 per cent). One of 18 (6 per cent) twin pregnancies, where only one sac was punctured, because the twin pregnancies were undetected, aborted. Amniocentesis of both sacs in twin pregnancies seems associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. The indications for amniocentesis in twin pregnancies should be critically evaluated.     

赣东北地区浅变质岩岩石地层单位划分及沉积构造背景分析

赣东北地区浅变质岩地层非常发育，构造十分复杂，“九五”期间在此区开展1：5万区域地质调查发现：大致以景德镇-鹅湖断裂以南，塔前-赋春断裂以北，浅变质岩以一套碎屑岩为主夹菱铁矿、碳酸盐和火山碎屑沉积；塔前-赋春断裂以南，香屯-太白寺断裂以北变质岩主要以火山碎屑岩为主夹中基性熔岩、碎屑岩沉积。根据沉积构造环境分析，前者为正常海相沉积，后者为裂谷环境沉积，分别代表两个不同时期，不同构造环境沉积的产物。     

Organochlorine burdens in blood of ringed and bearded seals from north-western Svalbard.

Ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) are the main prey of polar bears (Ursus maritimus), and information on organochlorines (OCs) in these pinniped species is important to understand the transport, fate and effects of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic ecosystem. Thus, OCs were analysed in blood samples of bearded and ringed seals from the coastal ecosystem of the north-western Svalbard archipelago (Kongsfjorden, 78.55degrees N). The relative contribution of OCs could be ranked as follows: Ringed seal females: sigmaPCB > sigma DDT > sigma CHL > sigma HCH > HCB > Mirex. Ringed seal males: sigma PCB > or = sigma DDT > sigma CHL > sigma HCH > or = HCB > Mirex. Bearded seal females: sigma PCB > sigma HCH > or = sigma CHL > sigma DDT > Mirex > HCB. Bearded seal males: sigma PCB > sigma DDT > or = sigma CHL > sigma HCH > Mirex > or = HCB. The concentrations of sigmaPCB and sigma DDT were higher in ringed seals than in bearded seals, whereas sigma HCH was higher in bearded than in ringed seals. In ringed seal females and males sigma PCB was 337 +/- 95 ng/g (n= 6) and 625 +/- 443 ng/g (n=6), whereas sigma DDT was 165 +/- 47 ng/g (n=6) and 621 +/- 559 ng/g (n = 6), respectively. In bearded seal females and males, sigmaPCB was 159 +/- 132 ng/g (n = 6) and 248 +/- 93 ng/g (n = 5), whereas sigmaDDT was 46 +/- 41 ng/g (n = 6) and 161 +/- 71 ng/g (n = 5), respectively. The inter-species differences are caused by a higher trophic position of ringed seals in the Svalbard ecosystem compared to bearded seals. OC levels in ringed seals at Svalbard are similar to those reported from the North-American Arctic and in the lower range compared to previously reported data from Svalbard.     

梁子岛水污染防治对策研究

梁子岛水污染调查是梁子岛生态环境保护、生态发展规划的基础工作.以实地调查为基础,主要从梁子岛居民生活污染、农业面源污染、禽畜养殖污染,旅游污染以及水产养殖污染等方面对梁子岛进行调查,并计算出相应的COD、NH3-N、TP、TN等指标的排放量.以梁子岛水污染的实际情况为依据,提出梁子岛水污染防治的具体措施,为制定水污染治理的规划和措施提供了理论依据.