中国县域能源消费碳排放估算及其空间分布

将传统的碳排放因子法与人口权重分配法相结合,估算了2015年中国2 170个县域的碳排放量,并将县域分为高/低碳排放量-高/低碳排放强度的4种类型。分析表明:(1)县域的平均碳排放量为1 287×103 t,但差异较大,空间分布上整体呈现东高西低;81.58%的县域的碳排放强度在0.01～1.05t/万元,空间分布上呈现西部及西北高、东部及东南低。(2)低碳排放量-低碳排放强度类县域数量最多(占45.81%),在全国除东南沿海区域均有分布;高碳排放量-低碳排放强度类县域分布在中国部分华北地区及东部、东南沿海地区,中部也有少量分布;高碳排放量-高碳排放强度类县域主要分布在东北三省;低碳排放量-高碳排放强度类县域主要分布在中国西北的西藏自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区和青海省,同时山西省境内也有较多分布。(3)整体看,中低收入、处于发展提速的中西部县域发展仍需预留一定的碳排放空间;对于高收入的东部县域,则要提出更高的减排要求。     

Toxicity assessment of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent by an integrated biomarker response in the liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was exposed to the increasing concentrations of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent (MSTPE) for 15 days, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), together with the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver of C. auratus were investigated. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach was applied to assess the adverse effects of MSTPE in freshwater. The aim of the study was to provide an effective biological indicator for evaluating the toxicity effects and ecological risks of MSTPE in the freshwater environment quantitatively. Results showed that MSTPE could cause oxidative damage to the liver of C. auratus, which reflected through the increasing MDA content over the exposure period. MSTPE also led to the biochemical responses of antioxidant defense in C. auratus liver, such as the enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as the inhibition of AChE activity and GSH content. It was found that MDA, SOD, GPx, and GSH could be used as the biomarkers for reflecting the adverse effects of MSTPE in the receiving freshwater on the 12th day of exposure. A significant increase of IBR values was observed as the increasing concentration of MSTPE, and the IBR values presented a significant positive correlation (r?=?0.891, P?<?0.05) with the increasing concentrations of MSTPE, indicating that IBR approach is a promising tool for assessing the toxicity effects of MSTPE in environmental freshwater.

     

三相泡沫流动性能及灭油火实验研究

为研究三相泡沫流动性及灭火性能之间的关系,自主搭建了自流动性及灭火实验台架。利用空心玻璃微珠、2000目云母粉、2000目硅微粉及碳酸钙分别制备三相泡沫,检测其流动及灭火性能。实验结果表明,三相泡沫的流动性与其强施放条件下的灭火性能具有一定的关系。通过对比4种不同类别粉体制备的三相泡沫发现,流动性不足的三相泡沫,其灭火时间较长,但抗复燃能力较强;流动过快的三相泡沫,覆盖油面的能力较强,灭火时间较短,但其存在稳定性较差的缺点,可能会导致油品复燃。     

含二甲胺工业废水的回收及再利用技术研究

为了消除工业二甲胺废水带来的巨大污染,使其达到回收利用的目的,利用精馏技术,采用BH型高效填料作为分离介质,连续从废水中脱除二甲胺,并将塔顶二甲胺提浓。结果表明,采用本技术可使塔顶二甲胺提浓至47%(质量百分含量),达到满足40%二甲胺水溶液质量要求的目的;塔釜二甲胺含量降低至≤50 mg/L,此水可作皮革工业生产回用水。由于含二甲胺废水经处理后可以全部回收利用,表明该高效精馏技术用于清洁生产中具有可靠性和实用性。     

催化臭氧氧化染料溶液的研究

采用催化臭氧化技术降解染料废水,以甲基紫溶液为目标污染物,研究了过渡型金属离子的类型,Fe2+的浓度,溶液初始pH值,染料浓度和正丁醇等因素对其降解率的影响。实验结果表明:臭氧氧化甲基紫溶液的过程中,加入一定浓度的过渡型金属离子对甲基紫的去除具有促进作用;当臭氧浓度为16 mg/L,一定浓度范围内,Fe2+催化臭氧化的效果随着浓度的增加而增加,但Fe2+浓度为13 mg/L时,甲基紫的降解率下降;在酸性范围时,pH值增大其降解率会减小;染料浓度增加,甲基紫的降解率减小,但是其绝对降解值会增加;正丁醇的加入抑制氧化反应的进行,甲基紫的降解率下降,说明催化臭氧化过程中有羟基自由基产生。染料降解过程符合一级反应动力学规律。     

自来水污泥堆肥化研究

研究了自来水污泥脱水防粘预处理技术、高温好氧堆肥技术及其应用于园林种植效果。机械组成测定和电镜扫描结果表明,调理剂QS可以显著改善自来水污泥的粘结性及脱水性能;堆肥实验结果表明,预处理的自来水污泥与枯枝落叶按体积比3∶7混匀,加入尿素调节碳氮比,27 d后,可达腐熟,EM菌可以加快堆肥物料腐熟,19 d后,即可达腐熟要求;桉树盆栽实验结果表明,自来水污泥经堆肥化处理后,保水性提高,促进桉树生长,而且堆肥过程中添加EM菌可以进一步促进桉树生长。     

微电解联合物化法处理维生素B12难降解废水的研究

对使用微电解联合物化法处理维生素B12难降解废水进行了分析。通过实验研究了微电解联合物化法处理维生素B12废水的最佳工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下,维生素B12废水色度去除达88.46%,COD去除率达到71.06%。该处理方法最后将污染物质直接吸附于改性膨润土上,不产生浓缩废水、酸碱废水等更加难以处理的废水,并且不带入有毒有害物质,可以有效降低水中污染物含量,减少后续生物处理设备的污染负荷。     

Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Using N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Additive

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide (HF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new additive to prepare thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite (TPS/MMT). Here, HF acted as both plasticizer for TPS and swelling agent for MMT. The hydrogen bond interaction among HF, starch and MMT was proven by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that partially exfoliated TPS/MMT nanocomposite was formed. The crystallinity of corn starch, MMT, HF-plasticized TPS (HTPS) and TPS/MMT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability of HTPS and TPS/MMT was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water resistance of TPS/MMT nanocomposite increased compared with that of pure HTPS. Tensile strengths of TPS/MMT nanocomposites were higher than those of HTPS, but just the reverse for elongations at break.     

Emergency response study for chemical releases in the high-tech industry in Taiwan—A semiconductor plant example

In the past two decades, there has been continuous investment and expansion of semiconductor, photoelectric panel, or solar cell plants in the high-tech industry. For example, establishing a semiconductor plant costs about US$ 3 billion. In addition, the output value of integrated circuits (IC) of Taiwan as a whole is estimated to be about US$ 5.215 billion, and globally of US$ 275.2 billion in 2008. A large amount and a variety of specialty gases or chemicals are applied during processes in high-tech facilities and these chemicals are characterized by inflammability, toxicity, and corrosiveness. Accidents may result once errors or leaks occur in any part of the supply chain, which consists of storage facilities, supply equipment, process machines, and tail gas elimination devices. Personnel casualties can result in serious situations. This study discusses the emergency response procedures and common response defects in semiconductor plants with a view to enhancing emergency response effects and capabilities, avoiding casualties, reducing property loss and shortening operation interruption.     

Sustainable construction: composite use of tyres and ash in concrete

An investigation was carried out to establish the physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics of a non-standard (unprocessed) pulverised fuel ash (PFA) and waste tyres from a former landfill site at the Power Station Hill near Church Village, South Wales, United Kingdom. Investigations are on-going to establish the suitability of the fly ash and/or tyres in road construction (embankment and pavement) and also in concrete to be used in the construction of the proposed highway. This paper reports on concrete-based construction where concrete blends (using various levels of PFA as partial replacement for Portland cement (PC), and shredded waste tyres (chips 15-20mm) as aggregate replacement) were subjected to unconfined compressive strength tests to establish performance, hence, optimising mix designs. Strength development up to 180 days for the concrete made with PC-PFA blends as binders (PC-PFA concrete), with and without aggregate replacement with tyre chips, is reported. The binary PC-PFA concrete does not have good early strength but tends to improve at longer curing periods. The low early strength observed means that PC-PFA concrete cannot be used for structures, hence, only as low to medium strength applications such as blinding, low-strength foundations, crash barriers, noise reduction barriers, cycle paths, footpaths and material for pipe bedding.