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351.
In this article, we introduce China’s major forest types and discuss the historical development of forest management in China,
including actions taken over the last decade toward achieving SMF. Major challenges are identified, and a strategy for SFM
implementation in China is presented. China’s forests consist of a wide variety of types with distinctive distributional patterns
shaped by complex topography and multiple climate regimes. How to manage this wide array of forest resources has challenged
forest managers and policy-makers since the founding of the country. Excessive exploitation of China's forest resources from
the 1950s to the late 1990s contributed to environmental problems and calamities, such as floods, soil erosion, and desertification.
At the start of the new millennium, the Chinese government decided to shift its emphasis from timber production towards the
achievement of sustainable forest management (SFM). With a series of endeavors such as the implementation of the “Six Key
Forestry Projects” and the reform of forest tenure policies, and the adoption of a classification system for China's forests,
a beginning has been made at reversing the trend of environmental degradation that occurred throughout the latter half of
the last century. At the same time, huge challenges remain to be tackled for the development of forestry in China. 相似文献
352.
Surface modelling of global terrestrial ecosystems under three climate change scenarios 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Tian-Xiang Yue Ze-Meng FanChuan-Fa Chen Xiao-Fang SunBai-Lian Li 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(14):2342-2361
A high accuracy and speed method (HASM) of surface modelling is developed to find a solution for error problem and to improve computation speed. A digital elevation model (DEM) is established on spatial resolution of 13.5 km × 13.5 km. Regression formulations among temperature, elevation and latitude are simulated in terms of data from 2766 weather observation stations scattered over the world by using the 13.5 km × 13.5 km DEM as auxiliary data. Three climate scenarios of HadCM3 are refined from spatial resolution of 405 km × 270 km to 13.5 km × 13.5 km in terms of the regression formulations. HASM is employed to simulate surfaces of mean annual bio-temperature, mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration ratio during the periods from 1961 to 1990 (T1), from 2010 to 2039 (T2), from 2040 to 2069 (T3), and from 2070 to 2099 (T4) on spatial resolution of 13.5 km × 13.5 km. Three scenarios of terrestrial ecosystems on global level are finally developed on the basis of the simulated climate surfaces. The scenarios show that all polar/nival, subpolar/alpine and cold ecosystem types would continuously shrink and all tropical types, except tropical rain forest in scenario A1Fi, would expand because of the climate warming. Especially at least 80% of moist tundra and 22% of nival area might disappear in period T4 comparing with the ones in the period T1. Tropical thorn woodland might increase by more than 97%. Subpolar/alpine moist tundra would be the most sensitive ecosystem type because its area would have the rapidest decreasing rate and its mean center would shift the longest distance towards west. Subpolar/alpine moist tundra might be able to serve as an indicator of climatic change. In general, climate change would lead to a continuous reduction of ecological diversity. 相似文献
353.
354.
The biogeochemical and ecological impacts of environmental nanoparticles (ENPs) are some of the fastest growing areas of research today. However, efficient separation and collection of ENPs in natural systems remains difficult. This review article is focused on experimental investigation of separation and identification of ENPs, including nanoparticles with size fractions in the range of <2000, 450 to 2000, 100 to 450 and 1 to 100 nm. An automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) was used successfully to overcome the problem of efficiently collecting ENPs in large quantities in red soils. A significant amount of hematite nanoparticles was present on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range of 5 to 8 nm. Synchrotron XRD technique is more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with oriented specimens and random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles, crystallinity, and particle size in red soils, particularly for the illite, kaolinite, goethite and hematite nanoparticles. The AUD apparatus can be employed to efficiently collect large quantities of soil and related ENPs for investigation of their structural characteristics and surface properties, which have significant impact on weathering reaction pathways, catalysis, the fate of vital elements and environmental pollutants, and ecosystem restoration. 相似文献
355.
Junhua Li Shangchao Xiong Jianjun Chen Hao Liu Wenzhe Si Yue Peng Xuecheng Wu Huan Liu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,123(1):400-416
In most of the world's building material industries, the control of flue gas pollutants mainly focuses on a single pollutant. However, given the large capacity and high contribution of China's building materials industry to global air pollution, the need to develop multi-pollutant emission reduction technology is urgent. Recently, China has focused on reducing the emissions of flue gas pollutants in the building materials industry, established many key research and development projects, and gradually implemented more stringent pollutant emission limits. This project focuses on the most recent advances in flue gas emission control technology in China's building materials industry, including denitration, dust removal, desulfurization, synergistic multi-pollutant emission reduction, and the construction of pilot research and demonstration projects for pollutant removal in several building material industries. On this basis, revised pollutant limits in flue gas emitted in China's building material industry are proposed. 相似文献
356.
丹江口水库氮磷内源释放对比 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用柱状沉积物采样器在丹江口水库采集不同点位原位柱状沉积物,通过静态培养释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型两种方法获取沉积物-水界面N和P释放速率,分析水体N和P释放特征.结果表明,不同采样点N和P界面交换速率差异显著.静态培养条件下,5个点位NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放速率分别为13. 07~24. 88 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和3. 06~6. 02 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);分子扩散模型条件下,5个点位NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放速率分别为2. 67~7. 25 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)和0. 04~0. 18 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1). N和P释放速率总体呈北高南低的趋势,支流N和P最低释放速率分别是主库区最高释放速率的1. 48和1. 57倍.两种方法均表明郭家山支流N和P的释放速率最高,具有较大内源N和P释放风险.比较两种方法发现,利用Fick定律计算出的界面N和P释放速率明显小于柱样模拟方法得出的结果,N和P的R/F值分别为3. 43~4. 98和29. 67~72. 88,这表明用分子扩散模型法进行内源释放速率估算时,偏离真实情况较大,而原柱样静态模拟实验则较贴近真实情况. 相似文献
357.
对南京北郊2018年9月~2019年9月PM2.5中有机组分的吸光性质进行了研究,并利用PM2.5化学组成及主成分分析法分析该地区吸光性有机碳(棕碳,brown carbon,BrC)的主要来源.结果表明,水溶性有机碳(water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC)和甲醇可提取有机碳(methanol extractable organic carbon,MEOC)在365 nm处光吸收系数(Abs365,w和Abs365,m)的平均值分别为(3.22±2.18)Mm-1和(7.69±4.93)Mm-1.Abs365,w和Abs365,m分别与WSOC(r=0.72,P<0.01)和MEOC(r=0.62,P=0.04)的质量浓度显著相关,均表现为冬高夏低,夜高昼低的时间变化特征.这可归结于冬季和夜间的气象特征(例如边界层高度降低和大气稳定度升高)、冬季一次源排放的增加以及夏季和白天更强的"光漂白作用".Abs365,m/Abs365,w的年均值(2.60±0.92)远高于MEOC/WSOC(质量浓度比值,1.37±0.30),表明MEOC中非水溶性组分的吸光作用更强,在BrC的吸光作用中占主导地位.WSOC、MEOC、Abs365,m和K+均未表现出强相关性(r<0.60),因此生物质燃烧不是该地区BrC的主要一次来源.WSOC和MEOC质量吸收效率(MAE365,w和MAE365,m)及其比值(MAE365,m/MAE365,w)的季节变化和Abs365相同.MEOC中非水溶性组分的MAE365[(4.10±5.15)m2·g-1]分别是MAE365,w和MAE365,m的6.0和2.9倍,支持BrC的吸光作用受非水溶性有机组分主导这一推断.和WSOC的埃氏吸收指数(ÅWSOC)相比,MEOC的埃氏吸收指数(ÅMEOC)随时间变化更显著,这可能与非水溶性吸光组分排放的季节变化有关.主成分分析结果显示,本研究PM2.5中有机组分的吸光作用主要来源于二次形成过程和人为活动相关的一次排放,而不是生物质燃烧. 相似文献
358.
牛粪堆肥系统环境因子对抗性基因的影响 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
本研究利用实时定量PCR技术检测牛粪60 d好氧堆肥过程中典型四环素类抗性基因(tet Q、tet W、tet M、tet G、tet A和tet X)和大环内酯类抗性基因(erm35、erm36、erm B、erm F、erm T和erm X)的数量变化规律,系统研究了温度、含水率、挥发性有机质(VS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)、pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)等堆肥系统环境因子和细菌数量(TCB)对这两类典型抗生素抗性基因的影响.结果表明,堆肥升温阶段牛粪中tet Q、tet W、tet G和tet X数量分别增加1. 7、0. 3、84. 8和4. 5倍,而tet M丰度降低了83. 1%;堆肥腐熟阶段牛粪中tet G和tet X数量分别增加23. 8和11. 5倍,而tet W、tet Q和tet M数量均降低90%.整个牛粪堆肥过程中erm35、erm36、erm B、erm F、erm T和erm X丰度分别增加2. 1、430. 4、0. 6、11. 5、2. 1和49. 1倍. RDA分析表明,牛粪堆肥过程中对四环素与大环内酯类抗性基因数量影响较大的3个环境因子分别为:ORP(54. 8%)、温度(34%)和VS(11. 3%),其中ORP与erm X和erm B、温度与tet Q和erm F以及VS与tet W数量均呈明显地正相关. 相似文献
359.
污泥预处理方法包括机械法、化学法和生物法,选择上述方法中具有代表性的超声波20 k Hz、p H 10和厌氧70℃分别预处理污泥,从有机物释放情况和经济性评价不同预处理方法.结果表明,污泥经过预处理后,液相中有机物释放量均增多,但经过p H 10和厌氧70℃预处理后能释放更多的有机物,反应结束时其总溶解性蛋白质和多糖由预处理前的418. 9mg·L~(-1)(以COD计,下同)分别增加到7 516. 0 mg·L~(-1)和7 892. 5 mg·L~(-1),DNA浓度由预处理前的18. 1 mg·L~(-1)依次增加到1 343. 3 mg·L~(-1)和1 766. 1 mg·L~(-1);通过流式细胞术鉴定细胞形态得出预处理结束时污泥细胞死亡率从高到低为61. 6%(p H10)、59. 9%(厌氧70℃)和34. 5%(超声波20 k Hz),相比预处理前分别提高45. 6%、43. 9%和18. 5%;预处理结束时污泥有机物去除率依次为19. 1%(p H 10)、13. 8%(厌氧70℃)和7. 6%(超声波20 k Hz);单位体积污泥经p H 10预处理比超声-20kHz和厌氧70℃分别多节约28. 5%和124. 1%.基于本研究中污泥有机物释放量和经济性,污泥预处理方法宜选择化学法(p H 10). 相似文献
360.