Carbon emissions from the peat fire problem—a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Peat fires in tropical peatland release a substantial amount of carbon into the environment and cause significant harm to peatlands and the ecology,...     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

International mechanism for loss and damage from climate change: recommendations for related work in China

Loss and damage (L&D) from climate change has threatened the sustainable development of humankind, while the progress of mitigative and adaptive measures carried out under the international multilateral framework has been slow. The scientific community and policymakers have placed increasing emphasis on the international L&D response mechanism as a potential direct solution. This paper reviewed the origins of such a mechanism, with an in-depth analysis of the related connotations. A review of the existing situation in China on work related to L&D arising from climate change was conducted, followed by a summary of the findings. Finally, measures and recommendations to improve China’s efforts were proposed in this issue.     

黄河水环境特征与氮磷负荷时空分布

黄河是我国西北和华北地区重要的供水水源,由于地形和降雨等自然因素以及频繁的人类活动影响,黄河流域水环境问题日渐凸显.为明确黄河干流水环境特征、水质现状以及流域氮磷负荷时空分布,本研究于2019年的4～5月和10～11月对黄河干流全河段水环境进行了调查研究.基于野外采样研究结果以及室内实验数据,结果发现:①从源区至河口多个水体理化参数逐渐上升的趋势反映了越来越频繁的人类活动以及中下游水土流失等的共同作用,此外,水库对溶质的截留与沉积具有显著的效果;②两个季节水质差异较小,从源区至河口水质等级由"优秀"下降至"一般";③降雨是黄河流域氮磷赋存形态及其负荷具有季节性差异的关键因素;④黄河流域内氮磷赋存形态及其负荷所具有的空间差异性主要受控于人类活动与水土流失的影响.本研究结果可为控制黄河流域入河氮磷负荷以及改善水质提供科学依据.     

冬小麦田O3气孔与非气孔沉降及风险评估

为了深入了解农田生态系统的O_3干沉降过程,并基于O_3通量(尤其是气孔O_3累积通量)指标进行风险评估,利用涡度相关系统对冬小麦田的O_3干沉降过程进行了连续动态观测,初步分析O_3浓度和总O_3通量的变化过程,着重探析气孔O_3沉降和非气孔O_3沉降的变化特征及其与主要气象因子的关系,并基于剂量指标(AOT40)和通量指标(DF_s06)分别推算出冬小麦的产量损失率.结果表明,观测期间(自2016年3月16日至5月30日)日平均O_3浓度(cO_3)为32.9 n L·L-1;白天(08:00~18:00)和夜间平均总O_3通量(F_(O3))分别为-7.6 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和-3.1 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),日均F_(O3)为-5.1nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).逐日平均气孔O_3通量(F_s)的变化范围为0~-5.1 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),日均F_s为-1.43 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).逐日平均非气孔O_3通量(F_(ns))的变化范围为-1.43~-10.31 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1),日均F_(ns)为-3.66 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).较强的太阳辐射(SR)、较高的温度(T)和适度湿润的条件有利于冬小麦气孔沉降;较强的SR、适度的T和湿润条件是有利于冬小麦非气孔沉降.在整个观测期间,总O_3累积吸收通量(DF_(O3))、气孔O_3累积吸收通量(DF_s)和非气孔O_3累积吸收通量(DF_(ns))分别为31.58、9.99和21.59 mmol·m~(-2),总DF_s和总DF_(ns)分别占总DF_(O3)的32%和68%.通过剂量指标AOT40和通量指标DF_s06响应方程计算出的冬小麦产量损失率分别为11.58%~20.37%和20%~23.56%.     

Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in response to various habitats in Pearl River Delta of China, a subtropical maritime zone

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are widely considered key to ammonia oxidation in various environments. However, little work has been conducted to simultaneously investigate the abundance and diversity of AOA as well as correlations between archaeal amoA genotypes and environmental parameters of different ecosystems at one district. To understand the abundance, diversity, and distribution of AOA in Pearl River Delta of China in response to various habitats, the archaeal amoA genes in soil, marine, river, lake, hot spring and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples were investigated using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and clone libraries. Our analyses indicated that the diversity of AOA in various habitats was different and could be clustered into five major clades, i.e., estuary sediment, marine water/sediment, soil, hot spring and Cluster 1. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the structure of AOA communities in similar ecological habitats exhibited strong relation. The canonical correspondence method indicated that the AOA community structure was strongly correlated to temperature, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and dissolved oxygen variables. Assessing AOA amoA gene copy numbers, ranging from 6.84×10⁶ to 9.45×10⁷ copies/g in dry soil/sediment, and 6.06×10⁶ to 2.41×10⁷ copies/L in water samples, were higher than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by 1-2 orders of magnitude. However, AOA amoA copy numbers were much lower than AOB in WWTP activated sludge samples. Overall, these studies suggested that AOA may be a major contributor to ammonia oxidation in natural habitats but play a minor role in highly aerated activated sludge. The result also showed the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance was positively correlated with temperature and less correlated with other environmental parameters. New data from our study provide increasing evidence for the relative abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in the global nitrogen cycle.     

我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因分解及趋势预测

我国化肥大量使用在提高农业生产的同时也对环境产生了严重的负面影响。目前国内外学术界对我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因以及未来我国化肥使用的发展趋势还存在较大争议。论文利用过去20 a 间我国化肥施用量的相关数据, 对化肥施用量持续增长的成因进行了分解。研究结果表明:化肥使用强度的增长是我国化肥施用总量增长的主因, 但从2007 年以来, 使用强度的贡献不断下降, 播种面积调整的贡献有所提高。根据分解结果并利用“中国农业可持续发展决策支持系统”(CHINAGRO) 预测了2020 年全国和各省化肥使用量情况。模型分析结果表明如果不采取措施, 我国未来化肥的使用总量和单位播种面积化肥施用量将依然呈现增长趋势, 且单位面积化肥用量将长期高于225 kg/hm²的国际上限标准。预计到2020年我国化肥总施用量和单位播种面积化肥施用量比2010 年分别提高2%和4.3%。东部地区单位播种面积化肥施用量较高, 2020 年广东、福建、天津、北京等省(市) 化肥单位面积施用量将接近或超过600 kg/hm², 这将对当地环境造成巨大压力。     

上海宝山快速城市化进程对河网演变影响分析

以我国快速城市化区域——上海宝山区为例,基于近20 a经济发展和河系水网变化相关数据,探讨区域河网水系的时空变化规律,不同功能区的河网变化分异特征及其驱动因子。分析结果表明:(1)宝山区的河网水系数量变化经历了基本稳定(1994-2003年)、快速消亡(2003-2006年)、缓慢回升(2006-2008年)3个阶段,这与其城市化发展进程有较好的对应关系;(2)不同功能区域河网数量和水环境质量变化具有分异性,其中水面率大小关系为Ⅲ区>Ⅰ区>Ⅱ区,有机污染综合指数和总磷为Ⅱ区7Ⅰ区7Ⅲ区;(3)不同功能区的河网水系数量和水环境质量对城市化响应具有明显差异,居住用地、工业用地和设施用地的增加是各功能区河网水系变化的主要驱动因素。在此基础上,对于区域防洪除涝问题提出建议,即在城市化进程中,不仅应重视河道数量,更应重视河道长宽度的保护,才能改善河网水质和水生态环境。     

新形势下高速公路环评中的公众参与

公众参与作为环境影响评价的重要内容,不仅可以提高项目环保措施的有效性和合理性,同时也是环境保护行政主管部门对项目科学决策的重要依据.自从2006年原国家环保总局发布《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》,规范了环评中的公众参与工作以来,今年环境保护部又相继出台相关政策,要求进一步做好信息公开和征求公众意见等工作,切实保障公众对环境保护的参与权、知情权和监督权.本文结合沿海地区某高速公路项目环评中公众参与的具体做法,从公众参与的程序、内容及代表性等方面分别介绍了新形势下如何在高速公路环评中深入、有效的开展公众参与工作,并从公众意见调查时间、公参形式选取、公众意见统计和反馈等角度提出了建议,为高速公路等线性工程环境影响评价开展公众参与提供参考.     

聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的梯度扩散薄膜技术预测甘蔗田土壤中镉的生物有效性

DGT技术一直以固态结合相原位采集和测量水体、土壤或沉积物中有效态重金属,液态结合相的DGT主要应用于现场水体中金属离子的检测.本研究分别采用固态结合相梯度扩散薄膜(chelex100-DGT)装置和改进的液态结合相梯度薄膜扩散(CDM-PAAS-DGT)装置,对广西甘蔗田土壤中有效态Cd进行了测定.结果表明,2种装置提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与甘蔗(根、茎、叶)体内Cd含量都呈极显著正相关,改进的CDM-PAAS-DGT装置对土壤中有效态Cd的提取能力更强;融合土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM%)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标影响,运用多元统计分析,提取出2种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型.液态结合相DGT技术能较好地预测甘蔗田土壤中Cd的生物有效性,拓展了其应用范围.