2020年夏季长江流域特大洪水期间长江口POC和DOC的分布特征

为了追踪2020年夏季长江流域特大洪水对长江口及其邻近海域重要生源要素的影响,本研究于2020年7月和2020年8月在该区域连续进行了两个航次的系统观测,测定了表层海水样品中悬浮颗粒物（suspended particulate matter,SPM）、颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon,POC）和溶解有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）的浓度,并将上述两个航次的结果与长江普通洪季月份（2019年7月）的相关结果进行了对比。结果表明,极端洪水导致口门内长江输出较高浓度的SPM、POC和DOC;长江增加的径流量和增加的上述3种陆源物质的输出通量对邻近海域的影响具有滞后性。与其他两个航次相比,在极端洪水影响下的2020年8月,外海海域也具有更高的SPM、POC和DOC浓度。另外,SPM中有机物占比POC（%）、POC/DOC(mol/mol)和POC/PN(mol/mol)3个指标的分布变化结果显示,2020年8月,长江口及其邻近海域具有最为强烈的陆源物质分布信号。     

Reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanisms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is an endocrine disruptor commonly found in plastic products that has been associated with reproduction alterations, but the effect of DEHP on toxicity is still widely unknown. Using DEHP concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg/L, we showed that DEHP reduced the reproductive capacity of Caenorhabditis elegans after 72 hr. of exposure. DEHP exposure reduced the reproductive capacity in terms of decreased brood sizes, egg hatchability (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L), and egg-laying rate (1 and 10 mg/L), and increased numbers of fertilized eggs in the uterus (1 and 10 mg/L). DEHP also caused damage to gonad development. DEHP decreased the total number of germline cells, and decreased the relative area of the gonad arm of all exposure groups, with worms in the 1 mg/L DEHP exposure group having the minimum gonad arm area. Additionally, DEHP caused a significant concentration‐dependent increase in the expression of unc-86. Autophagy and ROS contributed to the enhancement of DEHP toxicity in reducing reproductive capacity, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were activated as the antioxidant defense in this study. Hence, we found that DEHP has a dual effect on nematodes. Higher concentration (10 mg/L) DEHP can inhibit the expression of autophagy genes (atg-18, atg-7, bec-1, lgg-1 and unc-51), and lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) can promote the expression of autophagy genes. Our data highlight the potential environmental risk of DEHP in inducing reproductive toxicity toward the gonad development and reproductive capacity of environmental organisms.     

工业污染源产排污系数编码方法与应用

编码是将文字信息转换为计算机编程代码的重要工具。为进一步推进工业污染源产排污系数信息化应用,以2017年版产排污系数为核心,根据产排污系数结构及表达方式,建立工业污染源产排污系数编码体系,分别对产污系数和排放量核算参数两部分进行编码。产污系数编码是对表征产污系数的关键因素进行编码,包括行业类型、产污工段、产品、原料、工艺、规模、污染物种类等。排放量核算参数编码是对污染治理技术和治理设施运行效率分别进行编码。再根据各项关键因素的特征、包含信息种类数以及预留一定开发空间等条件,设定编码组成和位数,建立编码方案,并以“3825光伏设备及元器件制造行业”为例进行编码方案应用。产污系数编码为22位,排放量核算参数编码为28位或更多位。产排污系数编码体系的建立为搭建产排污系数信息平台,支撑系数持续更新完善,实现应用于更多环境管理系统提供直接技术支撑。     

洱海西部灌排沟渠水质特征及土地利用的影响

灌排沟渠径流是洱海氮、磷营养盐输入的主要来源。2020年秋季,研究选取洱海西部2个汇水区,分析了降雨条件下汇水区和沟渠子汇水区2个空间尺度下沟渠水质的变化特征,以及土地利用对沟渠水质的影响。结果表明：沟渠水质表现出显著的空间差异性,其中双隐汇水区东南部沟渠化学需氧量（COD）较高,为5.68~20.49 mg/L,北部沟渠总氮（TN）浓度较高,为1.04~1.44 mg/L,总磷（TP）浓度自东向西递减,氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度整体较低;万阳汇水区南部沟渠COD较高,为5.02~14.22 mg/L,TN浓度整体较低,环洱海和中部靠北沟渠TP和NH₃-N浓度整体偏高。冗余分析结果表明,村镇、农田是沟渠TP和NH₃-N的主要来源,秋季库塘未被利用的蓄水也可能对沟渠水质造成影响,林草地面积占比与沟渠水质呈负相关,但由于占比小和空间分布原因,对入海污染负荷的削减效用较小。洱海西部应加强灌溉用水循环利用,完善环湖截污工程,以减少灌排沟渠退水和农村生活污水对洱海水质的影响。

     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

Drowsy drivers: The effect of light and circadian rhythm on crash occurrence

Drowsiness has been recognized as a pervasive problem for drivers, with effects comparable to alcohol. Alcohol, however, has a clear legal limit for impairment; there are no comparable criteria to suggest sleepiness. Drowsiness has been associated with light and circadian rhythm. To investigate the joint effects of these factors on crash occurrence, along with other factors, single vehicle crashes reported in Ontario (1999–2004) were analyzed. Crashes occurring at four times of day, when light varies and circadian rhythm is low (2–5 a.m. and 2–4 p.m.) and with similar light conditions and higher circadian rhythm (9–11 p.m. and 10 a.m.–12 noon). Logistic regression was used to see how light and other factors are associated with single vehicle crashes occurring at times of low circadian rhythm, when drowsiness is more likely.Initial results indicated many circumstances associated with occurrence at these times: the age and sex of the driver and reported driver condition as well as weather. There is, however, an interaction between light and presumed alertness. In separate analyses for daytime and night time crashes most variables were significant for nighttime crashes but not for daytime events. The effects of alcohol and youth remained. A lack of light may exacerbate the effects of other factors at times of low alertness; this should be further investigated in controlled environments such as sleep laboratories and/or driving simulators.     

冲击倾向性煤体力-电感应规律试验研究

为提高冲击地压预测的准确性,应用自行研发的多通道电荷感应监测系统,对单轴压缩条件下冲击倾向性煤体变形破坏过程中力-电感应规律进行了试验研究。结果表明:冲击倾向性煤体的单轴抗压强度大,破坏失稳时间短,煤体失稳具有显著的突发性特点;冲击倾向性煤体的电荷波动幅值大于无冲击倾向性煤体的电荷波动幅值;冲击倾向性煤体的单位时间电荷量大于无冲击倾向性煤体的单位时间电荷量;冲击倾向性煤体表面累积的自由电荷总量和单位时间内从煤体表面逃逸出来的自由电荷数多于无冲击倾向性煤体的表面累积的自由电荷总量和单位时间内从煤体表面逃逸出来的自由电荷数;冲击倾向性煤体力-电感应规律曲线中存在一个冲击失稳的超前预警时间区域,该区域可为预测煤体发生冲击失稳做好预报准备。     

喷雾热解技术及其在环境污染控制领域的应用

喷雾热解作为一种一步完成、连续、拓展性强、可大规模制备环境功能纳米材料的新型热解技术受到研究者的广泛关注。详细介绍了喷雾热解技术的工作原理、产物特性、环境应用以及工业化推广面临的挑战,并可视化分析了喷雾热解技术在环境污染控制领域的研究热点。结果表明：喷雾热解是通过高温下分解前驱体溶液制备纳米颗粒的技术,其设备主要由雾化器、加热设备和收集装置组成。喷雾热解的产物特性受到前驱体溶液和热解过程参数的影响,通过调控前驱体的溶液组分和热解过程参数,可以得到尺寸和形貌可控的特定环境功能纳米材料。喷雾热解技术制备的环境功能纳米材料（如粉末或薄膜）的应用研究表明,由于其特殊的物化结构,可实现大气和水体中污染物的高效去除。同时,基于研究热点分析了喷雾热解技术的热解方式、产物特性、应用领域和去除污染物的主要机理。但目前喷雾热解技术从实验室规模拓展到工业化应用还面临着诸多挑战,如何克服这些挑战也是喷雾热解技术走向工业化应用的重要内容。研究可为喷雾热解技术在环境污染控制领域的应用提供理论和技术支撑。

     

Fe0去除地下水Cr(Ⅵ)过程中的钝化作用及电化学解钝参数优化

零价铁（Fe⁰）广泛用于Cr（Ⅵ）污染地下水的修复,但存在Fe⁰钝化降低修复效率的问题。首先使用Fe⁰去除地下水中的Cr（Ⅵ）并制备不同钝化程度的钝化铁屑,然后采用电化学方法对钝化铁屑进行解钝,并通过单因素试验和正交试验研究电极设置、电解电压、电解时间及电极距对解钝效果的影响,同时对解钝溶液和解钝前后的铁屑及解钝过程中产生的沉淀进行分析。结果表明：以钝化铁屑作阳极时解钝效果最佳;解钝效果随电解电压增大先上升后降低,随电极距增大而降低,随电解时间增加而上升,3个因素对解钝效果的影响依次为电解时间>电解电压>电极距;X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析表明,钝化铁屑在电化学作用下因表面沉淀脱落使得其活性得到有效恢复;钝化铁屑解钝的最佳条件（以钝化铁屑作阳极,电解电压为10 V,电解时间为60 min,电极距为2 cm）下,解钝后铁屑对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率可恢复至原来的90%以上;解钝过程中不会促使Cr（Ⅲ）沉淀溶解,但会增加溶液中Fe的浓度。上述研究成果对提高Fe⁰修复Cr（Ⅵ）污染地下水的修复效果及材料使用率具有参考作用。