17α-雌二醇在土壤样品中的吸附特性研究

研究了pH值、温度、离子强度和土壤粒径等因素对17α-雌二醇(17α-E2)在土壤样品中吸附特性的影响。结果表明:17α-E2在土壤中的等温吸附浓度呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势,等温吸附平衡时间约为0.5 h;土壤对17α-E2的吸附率随着环境温度的升高而显著降低。随着17α-E2溶液pH值的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附则逐渐降低;随着离子浓度的升高,土壤样品对17α-E2的吸附呈现先显著升高后保持相对稳定的趋势;随着土壤粒径的增大,土壤样品对于17α-E2的吸附作用则显著降低。     

基于DO曲线特征的污水毒性检测技术研究

基于对生化反应体系溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)曲线特征的分析,研究了一种污水毒性检测技术,实验结果表明:在确定的操作流程和参数条件下,对于同种污水的周期性反应,体系DO周期性变化特征值波动小于10%,呈现高规律性和稳定性;最终建立了一种基于体系DO曲线特征的污泥活性相对抑制率公式,通过量化分析污水毒性对污泥活性的抑制程度,提供一种污水毒性快速检测技术手段。     

经济发达城市全面建成小康社会环境目标指标研究——以深圳市为例

从深圳新形势下率先全面建成更高水平的小康社会的发展和公众需求分析入手,分析当前全面建成小康社会的环境进程和构建全面小康环境目标指标体系的必要性.基于全过程、全覆盖、惠民性和衔接性考虑,提出应尊重深圳当前所处社会经济与环境阶段,遵守全过程防控思路,以人口、区域全覆盖和环境要素全面改善为工作核心,建立全社会行动体系,确立更严标准、更高质量的全面建成小康环境目标,构建包含源头防控、治污减排、质量提升、社会参与的全面建成小康社会环境指标体系.     

黄海和东海海域溶解氧的分布特征

根据黄河和东海海区四个季度的调查资料，描述了溶解氧的时空分布和变化规律。黄、东海溶解氧分布的基本特征是北高南低，西高东低，随着水温的变化，不同季节这一差别有所不同。黄、东海溶解氧平均值分别为495．4和420．3μmol/L，测定范围分别为90．2－681．9和133－9－692．8μmol/L。以长江口以东H断面为例，描述了夏季溶解氧的断面分布特征，在20－30m水层出现一氧跃层，30m以下垂直分布比较均匀。文中还深入研究了东海陆架区黑潮水溶解氧的分布特征和变化规律。     

大阅兵期间北京市大气质量改善效果评估

为了评估抗战纪念活动期间污染物减排措施对北京市空气质量的影响,利用2015年8月1日~2015年9月18日北京市大气污染物浓度数据,以及2014年同期监测数据进行对比分析.结果表明：减排期间（2015年8月20日~2015年9月3日）北京市PM_2.5,SO₂,NO₂和CO浓度均值为17.05mg/m³,2.35mg/m³,21.04mg/m³和0.56mg/m³,对比减排前期,各污染物分别下降了71.26%,36.49%,37.92%和37.78%,减排后期,随着减排措施的取消,大气污染物反弹上升.与2014年同期相比,减排期间污染物浓度分别下降了73.59%,56.64%,52.39%和38.46%,大气质量改善效果显著.3个时段（减排期间,活动当天和2014年同期）污染物浓度日变化特征相似,整体上呈现2014年同期>减排期间>活动当天的特征.空间分布上,各站点污染物浓度均远低于2014年同期水平,其中PM_2.5降幅大且空间差异较小,SO₂在空间上差异最为明显,不同站点的PM_2.5降幅在68.91%~77.63%之间,SO₂降幅在7.43%~74.75%之间,NO₂降幅在34.60%~72.28%之间,CO降幅在24.98%~63.73%之间.减排期间北京市PM_2.5,SO₂,NO₂和CO浓度分别比周边城市均值低24.66%,81.00%,27.30%和36.36%,也从另一方面反映出减排措施的明显效果.     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

基于筛选层面的北京地区典型二噁英类的生态风险评价

以二 类为研究对象,利用风险评估识别排序模型在稳态假设下对北京地区环境中二 类的潜在生态风险进行模拟计算和评估,并根据计算结果对污染物按风险进行归类.模拟结果表明:当二 以估算的实际排放比例和排放量进入到大气、水和土壤介质中时,以环境介质中的阈值进行分析时,2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并-对-二 (2,3,7,8-TCDD)的风险评价因子(RAF)值为235,归为A类化合物,八氯二苯并-对-二 (OCDD)的RAF值为0.246,归为C类化合物.以生物介质中的阈值进行评价时,2,3,7,8-TCDD和OCDD的RAF值分别为6.70×10-3和1.11×10-3,均归为D类化合物.其余二 类同族体化合物的生态风险介于这二者之间.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(III) sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono-and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate (FS) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)₂. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water (<10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As (0.9 μg/L-0.487 mg/L) than the US EPA regulatory limit (5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

石家庄市春季景观水体nirS型反硝化细菌群落特征分析

选取石家庄市主城区4个典型景观水体作为研究对象,在对水体水质特征分析的基础上,运用Illumina高通量测序技术对景观水体中的nir S型反硝化细菌种群结构和多样性进行测定,探究春季景观水体水质与nir S型反硝化细菌群落的相互关系.结果表明,4个景观水体中氮素含量为4. 43～13. 83 mg·L-1,氮素污染较严重;基于三维荧光光谱的特征指数分析,4个景观水体均呈现出较强的自生源及弱腐殖质特征; Illumina高通量测序结果表明,不同景观水体中nir S型反硝化细菌大多为变形菌门,在优势菌属上差异显著; unclassified_Bacteria(53. 52%)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)(60. 48%)和红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)(46. 94%)分别为裕西、水上和长安公园水体中的优势菌属,unclassified_Bacteria(36. 19%)和unclassified_Proteobacteria(23. 44%)为世纪公园水体中的优势菌属;冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,裕西公园反硝化细菌主要受硝氮、总氮和溶解氧的影响,水上公园反硝化细菌受总磷的影响较大,长安公园反硝化细菌主要受氨氮和亚硝氮的影响,世纪公园反硝化受总磷、亚硝氮和氨氮的影响较大.综上表明,春季不同景观水体的水质以及nir S型反硝化细菌的群落结构差异显著,通过开展景观水体水质、反硝化群落以及影响因素的研究,有助于对城市水系的水质特征以及反硝化群落结构的认识,对基于该水质特征的高效反硝化菌剂的研发具有指导意义.     

中药废水主要成分厌氧生物降解途径研究

通过小试研究,利用气-质联机（GC-MS）对黄芩甙的厌氧生物降解曲线和途径进行了探讨,对黄芩甙的降解数据进行趋势化模拟和线性回归分析,得到了相应的降解动力学方程.黄芩甙可能的降解途径为“脱糖→脱苯→开环→饱和化→拆链”,降解时间需47 h以上, 厌氧分解的主要产物是小分子氧化物,如醇、醛、酸、酯、烯烃以及还原态饱和烷烃.结果表明,黄芩甙降解的限速步骤在水解酸化阶段,适宜采用两相厌氧消化技术和较长的停留时间进行处理.