Chemical formation and source apportionment of PM2.5 at an urban site at the southern foot of the Taihang mountains

The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM_2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM_2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 111 μg/m³ during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM_2.5 mass, and NO₃^? ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH₄⁺ was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, and Cl^? might be present in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, NH₄Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO₂ and NO₂ was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO₄^2- formation. We found that NO₃^? mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM_2.5: secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%).     

酸性矿山废水天然中和形成的富铁沉淀及其环境属性

采集了云南王家滩铁矿的酸性矿山排水及其与溪流中和后的溪水与沉积物, 运用谱学及电子显微分析等方法,对采集样品的化学及矿物学等方面的特征进行了分析. 结果表明, 王家滩铁矿的酸性矿山排水在与未污染溪水中和时, 酸度和电导率均显著降低, 但元素的浓度变化不很一致, 沿水流方向,除Fe3+、SO2-4、 Ca2+等少数元素, 大多数元素的浓度都未发生明显的降低. 中和成因沉淀物具有富铁的特征,矿物组成以水铁矿为主, 此外在下游沉积物中还见有少量针铁矿及纤铁矾. 其中上游中和区水铁矿以2线水铁矿为主, 下游以6线水铁矿为主. 而各处沉积均具有明显的分层特征,且均为外层以2线水铁矿为主, 内层以6线水铁矿及针铁矿为主. 以水铁矿为主要矿物的中和沉积物对各种有毒有害元素具有较强的吸持作用. 对这些结果的进一步分析表明, 在成因上,pH值和SO2-4的浓度共同控制了水铁矿的形成;在重(类)金属吸持方面,水铁矿的迁移及相应的对AMD中重(类)金属的自净化作用受中和区域的水动力条件影响较大.     

施用磷酸盐和沸石对土壤镉形态转化的影响

本试验在室内模拟外源Cd污染土壤,研究了磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二铵和沸石单独施用,以及沸石和磷酸氢二钾、沸石和磷酸氢二铵二者配施,对Cd污染土壤形态变化的影响.结果表明,施用不同改良剂后,土壤交换态Cd含量出现不同程度降低,而碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量增加.与对照相比,单独施用磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二铵和沸石,以及沸石和磷酸氢二钾配施、沸石和磷酸氢二铵配施分别使土壤有效Cd含量降低25.2%~51.7%、21.6%~46.8%、6.4%~23.2%、38.6%~61.4%和34.1%~56.4%.各处理均能提高土壤速效磷含量,且土壤速效磷含量与有效态Cd含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数r=-0.902 6,各处理之间土壤p H值与有效态Cd含量存在负相关关系.由此可知,在施用磷酸盐和天然沸石条件下,土壤速效磷含量的变化是降低土壤镉有效性的主要因素.     

Phosphorus release potential and pollution characteristics of sediment in downstream Nansi Lake, China

The research aimed to evaluate present and potential phosphorous pollution due to high sedimentary phosphorus load and release from sediment, when external phosphorus was reduced in downstream Nansi Lake. Pollution load of the sediment and overlying water was investigated. Kinetics and isotherms of adsorption/release of sedimentary phosphorus were studied to determine equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPC₀) and release potential. Kinetics of phosphorus adsorption on sediment and release from sediment were well described by both the pseudo-first-order rate equation and the pseudo-second-order rate equation, but more appropriate to the pseudo-second-order rate equation with the adsorption/release capacity more close to the measured values, suggesting that the processes were chemically rate controlled and dependent on adsorption capacity. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) sorption isotherms on sediment were best fitted by the modified Langmuir model indicating a monolayer adsorption. By comparing EPC₀ and SRP of water, the status (adsorption, releasing or in equilibrium) of sediment phosphorus could be determined. The sediments at site S1, S3, S4, S5, and S7 where the EPC₀s were greater than the SRPs, had a potential to release phosphorus into the water column. However, those sediments at S9, S10, and S12, where the EPC₀s were approximately equal to the SRPs, were in impermanent equilibrium with overlying water in status of phosphorus, the sediments can be likely to release phosphorus to the water column once the equilibrium was broken. Therefore, sedimentary phosphorus can be a secondary pollution source in downstream Nansi Lake.     

Reutilize tire in microbial fuel cell for enhancing the nitrogen removal of the anammox process coupled with iron-carbon micro-electrolysis

• MFC promoted the nitrogen removal of anammox with Fe-C micro-electrolysis. • Reutilize pyrolysis waste tire as micro-electrolysis and electrode materials. • Total nitrogen removal efficiency of modified MFC increased to 85.00%. • Candidatus kuenenia and SM1A02 were major genera responsible for nitrogen removal. In this study, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were explored to promote the nitrogen removal performance of combined anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and Fe-C micro-electrolysis (CAE) systems. The average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of the modified MFC system was 85.00%, while that of the anammox system was 62.16%. Additionally, the effective operation time of this system increased from six (CAE system alone) to over 50 days, significantly promoting TN removal. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the electron transferred from the anode to the cathode, which aided in reducing nitrate/nitrite in denitrification. The H⁺ released through the proton exchange membrane caused a decrease in the pH, facilitating Fe corrosion. The pyrolyzed waste tire used as the cathode could immobilize microorganisms, enhance electron transport, and produce a natural Fe-C micro-electrolysis system. According to the microbial community analysis, Candidatus kuenenia was the major genus involved in the anammox process. Furthermore, the SM1A02 genus exhibited the highest abundance and was enriched the fastest, and could be a novel potential strain that aids the anammox process.     

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

● Coupling merits of SEE and ERH were explored by a laboratory-scale device. ● SEE promotes the soil electrical conductivity and ERH process. ● Preheating soil by ERH improves the soil permeability and SEE. ● Combined method is more energy-efficient for perchloroethylene extraction. In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology. This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies: steam-enhanced extraction (SEE) and electrical resistance heating (ERH). The results showed that injecting high-density steam (> 1 g/min) into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content (> 13.3%) could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam. For ERH alone, the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power. When ERH and SEE were combined, preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability, effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE. Meanwhile, steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity, thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process. Compared with ERH alone (8 V/cm) and SEE alone (1 g/min steam), the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3% and 52.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.     

修复受污染水体的潜流人工湿地微生物多样性研究

进行了潜流人工湿地修复受污染水体试验研究,并比较单一植物与单一填料系统与多种植物系统与多种填料系统的处理效果.运用PCR-DGGE技术研究3种不同类型的潜流人工湿地中微生物种群结构,结合多样性分析和聚类分析方法,分析了人工湿地微生物种群结构特征.     

北京市2005年夏季大气颗粒物污染特征及影响因素

对2005年7～8月北京市不同功能区8个采样点PM10和PM2.5的浓度水平、空间分布、PM10/PM2.5比值进行了分析,并讨论了PM10和PM2.5的日变化特征及影响因素.结果表明,北京市夏季PM10和PM2.5日均浓度为155.37 μg/m3和87.70 μg/m3,分别为国家二级标准和美国PM2.5标准的1.04倍和1.35倍;PM2.5、PM10浓度在不同功能区存在一定差异;PM2.5和PM10的日变化以白天高,夜间低为主,且不同功能区的最高值对应于城市居民活动的不同高峰期;在湿度较高的情况下,PM2.5、PM10与湿度呈一定正相关性,且湿度对PM2.5的影响更大;降水前后PM2.5、PM10浓度变化情况表明降水的主要作用是清除粗粒子,对PM2.5的影响则较小.     

太湖大气氮、磷干湿沉降特征

于2018年1—12月,采集太湖湖滨及湖面共计9个点位600多个干湿沉降样品,估算了N、P干、湿沉降率以及全太湖2018年N、P干、湿沉降通量。结果表明,2018年太湖TN和TP月湿沉降率均值分别为161. 2和7. 1 kg/(km~2·月),TN和TP月干沉降率均值分别为103. 6和4. 5 kg/(km~2·月)。TN和TP年干沉降率空间分布规律为:湖面之上开阔水域处的TN和TP年干沉降率大于其他湖滨点位,TN和TP总沉降通量为7 702和333 t/a。2018年相比于2002—2003年,TN和TP总沉降通量分别降低了22. 6%和53. 8%。     

预制混凝土柱与独立基础浆锚连接抗震性能研究∗

为研究预埋波纹套管内预制混凝土柱与独立基础浆锚连接试件的抗震性能,进行了 6 个预制装配式柱和 1 个现浇柱的拟静力低周循环往复荷载试验。试验重点研究了柱纵筋锚固长度、轴压比、柱底纵筋局部脱黏(柱底锚固纵筋 5 倍直径范围内)对预制柱抗震性能的影响。结果表明：柱纵筋锚固长度为 10d 时(d 为钢筋直径),基础发生了开裂破坏,随着锚固长度的增加,破坏形态由基础开裂破坏变为柱脚弯曲破坏;为使预制柱与现浇柱的抗震性能相当,柱纵筋最小浆锚长度不宜小于 20d;轴压比一定时,对柱纵筋进行局部脱黏处理,可改善试件的延性及耗能能力。柱纵筋锚固长度一定时,随着轴压比的增加,试件的水平极限承载力及刚度均增大。