气相色谱法直接测定水中微量有机胺

用配有氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）的气相色谱仪直接测定水中多种微量有机胺。试样经过滤后直接进样,在气相色谱仪上使用CP7448毛细管柱,用外标法测定水中微量甲胺、二甲胺、一乙胺、二乙胺的含量。在所选择的色谱操作条件下,甲胺、二甲胺、一乙胺、二乙胺的质量浓度分别在一定范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。4种组分的回收率分别为96.7％,99．0％,101．2％,99．2％;精密度分别为4．3％,3．7％,5．5％,3．1％;检出限分别为2．0,2．0,1．5,1．5mg/L。该方法操作简便,回收率、精密度高。     

Effects of calibration on L-THIA GIS runoff and pollutant estimation

Urbanization can result in alteration of a watershed's hydrologic response and water quality. To simulate hydrologic and water quality impacts of land use changes, the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) system has been used. The L-THIA system estimates pollutant loading based on direct runoff quantity and land use based pollutant coefficients. The accurate estimation of direct runoff is important in assessing water quality impacts of land use changes. An automated program was developed to calibrate the L-THIA model using the millions of curve number (CN) combinations associated with land uses and hydrologic soil groups. L-THIA calibration for the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed near Indianapolis, Indiana was performed using land use data for 1991 and daily rainfall data for six months of 1991 (January 1-June 30) to minimize errors associated with use of different temporal land use data and rainfall data. For the calibration period, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 for estimated and observed direct runoff. The calibrated CN values were used for validation of the model for the same year (July 1-December 31), and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.60 for estimated and observed direct runoff. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was 0.52 for January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1991 using uncalibrated CN values. As shown in this study, the use of better input parameters for the L-THIA model can improve accuracy. The effects on direct runoff and pollutant estimation of the calibrated CN values in the L-THIA model were investigated for the LEC. Following calibration, the estimated average annual direct runoff for the LEC watershed increased by 34%, total nitrogen by 24%, total phosphorus by 22%, and total lead by 43%. This study demonstrates that the L-THIA model should be calibrated and validated prior to application in a particular watershed to more accurately assess the effects of land use changes on hydrology and water quality.     

顺序氯化对微生物、副产物和生物稳定性的综合控制

在中试规模试验中,研究了“短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺”对微生物、消毒副产物和生物稳定性指标的控制效果.该顺序氯化消毒工艺综合利用了游离氯消毒灭活微生物迅速彻底,氯胺消毒副产物生产量低的特点,通过氯化消毒技术的组合,安全经济地实现了消毒卫生学和消毒副产物指标的双重控制.该消毒工艺对细菌总数、异养菌平板计数、总大肠菌群指标的控制效果略好于传统游离氯消毒,对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f2噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺比游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物控制方面就越有优势.该工艺对生物稳定性指标的控制效果明显高于游离氯消毒.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)生物修复研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)具有高毒性和低可降解性的特征,通过先进的生物修复技术来治理POPs污染正受到公众普遍的关注.而提高生物可利用性则可以突破原位生物修复的瓶颈;宏基因组技术可以获得大量的降解基因资源;利用生物工程手段,可以大幅度提高降解菌的能力这3个方面是目前POPs生物修复领域的研究热点.     

Removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using tartaric acid

This study reports the feasibility of remediation of a heavy metal （HM） contaminated soil using tartaric acid, an environmentally-friendly extractant. Batch experiments were performed to test the factors influencing remediation of the HM contaminated soil. An empirical model was employed to describe the kinetics of riM dissolution/desorption and to predict equilibrium concentrations of HMs in soil leachate. The changes of HMs in different fractions before and after tartaric acid treatment were also investigated. Tartaric acid solution containing HMs was regenerated by chestnut shells. Results show that utilization of tartaric acid was effective for removal of riMs from the contaminated soil, attaining 50%-60% of Cd, 40%-50% of Pb, 40%-50% of Cu and 20%-30% of Zn in the pH range of 3.5-4.0 within 24 h. Mass transfer coefficients for cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were much higher than those for copper （Cu） and zinc （Zn）. Sequential fractionations of treated and untreated soil samples showed that tartaric acid was effective in removing the exchangeable, carbonate fractions of Cd, Zn and Cu from the contaminated soil. The contents of Pb and Cu in Fe-Mn oxide fraciton were also significantly decreased by tartaric acid treatment. One hundred milliliters of tartaric acid solution containing HMs could be regenerated by 10 g chestnut shells in a batch reactor. Such a remediation procedure indicated that tartaric acid is a promising agent for remediation of HM contaminated soils. However, further research is needed before the method can be practically used for in situ remediation of contaminated sites.     

孔隙水压力消散试验在尾矿坝安全施工中的应用

尾矿库设计的主要控制条件是坝体的稳定性。在尾矿坝施工中还需要考虑强度、渗水性等影响因素。以锡冶山尾矿坝工程为例,探讨了数值法在尾矿库坝体岩土孔隙水压力消散试验中的应用。对提高试验精度、减少试验开支、指导工程安全施工具有现实意义。     

"环境试验与观测"专业技术平台建设取得重大进展

介绍了“十五”期间“环境试验与观测”专业在专业平台建设方面取得的主要成绩：建立了装备环境工程技术体系和标准体系,完成了专业平台的顶层设计,提出了一套较为完整实验室环境试验剪裁技术,探讨了环境适应性要求的内涵和剪裁方法,建立了飞机任务环境需求一体化系统的基本框架。最后提出了加强环境工程基础技术研究力度和环境工程标准制修订速度,开展GJB4239标准宣贯,尽快出台《装备环境工程管理规定》文件和加快武器装备平台环境预计系统开发的建议。     

基于Landsat多光谱与PALSAR/PALSAR-2数据的汉江流域森林覆盖变化研究

汉江流域是南水北调中线工程的水源地,森林覆盖对于保障水源地生态安全具有重要作用.为监测汉江流域2007～2017年森林变化情况,以Landsat多光谱数据与ALOS(Advanced Land Observation Satellite)雷达遥感数据为基础,在GooSe Earth Engine平台上对数据进行处理分析,根据区域特点,选取9个特征指数,利用随机森林分类算法,提取2007和2017年森林分布,监测汉江流域森林覆盖变化.结果 表明:结合Landsat多光谱数据与ALOS雷达遥感数据的分类精度最高,2007年森林分类整体精度为98.0％,2017年森林分类整体精度为98.6％,精度明显高于单独使用Landsat多光谱数据或ALOS雷达数据的森林分类结果;2007 ～ 2017年十年间汉江流域森林面积增加了5 653.21 km2;森林呈现增多的区域主要分布在河南省的西峡县、南召县和丹江口水库附近,而森林呈现减少的区域在荆门市、十堰市和汉中市附近区域.     

生物基质对煤渣改良地下渗滤系统脱氮效果的影响

地下渗滤系统(SWIS)对硝化、反硝化过程调控不灵活,导致其对氮的去除效果不够理想。组建了两套SWIS装置(1#装置:65～80cm段没有生物基质;2~#装置:65～80cm段添加生物基质),对沿程氮素、硝化和反硝化作用强度及氮还原酶活性进行分析。结果表明,两套装置均表现为硝化反应主要发生在20～60cm段,反硝化反应主要发生在60～80cm段。2~#装置的反硝化作用明显强于1#装置,因此其TN去除率高于1~#装置。硝化作用强度随深度增加而递减,反硝化作用强度随深度增加而递增。硝酸盐还原酶(NAR)活性随深度的增加而逐渐减弱,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)活性随深度的增加先减弱后又增强。主要原因是2~#装置中添加了干化污泥作为生物基质,为反硝化作用补充了碳源,增强了脱氮能力。