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排序方式: 共有84条查询结果,搜索用时 281 毫秒
41.
Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by iron metal: Complexation effects on the oxide surface 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Timothy L. Johnson William Fish Yuri A. Gorby Paul G. Tratnyek 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》1998,29(4):2876
Dehalogenation of chlorinated aliphatic contaminants at the surface of zero-valent iron metal (Fe0) is mediated by the thin film of iron (hydr)oxides found on Fe0 under environmental conditions. To evaluate the role this oxide film plays in the reduction of chlorinated methanes, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) degradation by Fe0 was studied under the influence of various anions, ligands, and initial CCl4 concentrations ([P]o). Over the range of conditions examined in these batch experiments, the reaction kinetics could be characterized by surface-area-normalized rate constants that were pseudo-first order for CCl4 disappearance (kCCl4), and zero order for the appearance of dissolved Fe2+ (kFe2+). The rate of dechlorination exhibits saturation kinetics with respect to [P]o, suggesting that CCl4 is transformed at a limited number of reactive surface sites. Because oxidation of Fe0 by CCl4 is the major corrosion reaction in these systems, kFe2+ also approaches a limiting value at high CCl4 concentrations. The adsorption of borate strongly inhibited reduction of CCl4, but a concomitant addition of chloride partially offset this effect by destabilizing the film. Redox active ligands (catechol and ascorbate), and those that are not redox active (EDTA and acetate), all decreased kCCl4 (and kFe2+). Thus, it appears that the relatively strong complexation of these ligands at the oxide–electrolyte interface blocks the sites where weak interactions with the metal oxide lead to dehalogenation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds. 相似文献
42.
The objective of this study was to determine the size and composition of atmospheric aerosols in the downtown area of the
city of S?o Paulo, Brazil, for a polluted and an unpolluted period. Aerosols were sampled with a portable air sampler (PAS),
Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI), and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. At the study site, air quality is poor,
especially during the winter, high concentrations of pollutants being emitted primarily by the light- and heavy-duty vehicle
fleet. We analyzed mass, black carbon (BC), Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sn, Zr, and Pb.
During the polluted period, diurnal PM10 was higher than nocturnal PM10, whereas the inverse was true during the unpolluted period. The FPM was rich in BC, S, and Pb, whereas CPM was rich in Al,
Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe. Mass balance was performed by category: ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, crustal material, BC, and other.
The PAS-determined FPM was mainly BC. The MOUDI-determined FPM crustal material explained more mass than did ammonium sulfate
and BC during the polluted period, whereas ammonium sulfate had the largest mass during the unpolluted period. Crustal material
was the major CPM component, followed by ammonium sulfate and BC. During the unpolluted period, FPM concentrations were lower,
whereas those of ammonium sulfate were relatively higher, especially at night, and particle number was inversely proportional
to particle size. Aerosol growth was more intense during the polluted period. 相似文献
43.
Mikhailuta SV Taseiko OV Pitt A Lezhenin AA Zakharov YV 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2009,149(1-4):329-341
This paper examines the significant differences in seasonal variations of criteria pollutant concentrations in various parts of a large urban area. These differences are caused by the microclimatic heterogeneity of the city and show the influence of breeze and orographic-type circulations on urban air pollution. The temperature heterogeneity of Krasnoyarsk territory during the winter leads to an increase of 150% in CO air pollution levels in the central part of city. During the summer the orographical heterogeneity of Krasnoyarsk City leads to increases of up to 400% in air pollution for different areas. 相似文献
44.
A linear programming problem is considered with the aim to determine the optimal discharge point and the optimal discharge rate of a nutrient to be released to a marine environment polluted with oil. The objective is to minimize the total discharge of nutrient into the system provided that the concentrations of nutrient will reach critical values sufficient to eliminate oil residuals in certain affected zones through bioremediation. An initial boundary-value 3D problem for the advection–diffusion equation and its adjoint problems are considered to model, estimate, and control the dispersion of nutrient in a limited region. It is shown that the advection–diffusion problem is well posed, and its solution satisfies the mass balance equation. In each oil-polluted zone, the mean concentration of nutrient is determined by means of an integral formula in which the adjoint model solution serves as a weight function. Critical values of these mean concentrations are used as the constraints of linear programming problem. Some additional constraints are posed in order to limit not only the local discharge of the nutrient, but also the mean concentration of this substance in the whole region. Both constraints serve for environmental protection. The ability of the new method is demonstrated by numerical experiments on the remediation in oil-polluted channel using three control zones. The experiments show that the optimal discharge rate can always be got with a simple combination of step functions. 相似文献
45.
Yuri Sekimoto Tomoki Okiharu Haruka Nakajima Toshihiro Fujii Koji Shirai Hiroshi Moriwaki 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6531-6538
The aim of this study is to investigate the use of keratin colloidal solution, which was obtained from wool, for the removal of Pb(II) from water. The addition of keratin colloidal solution (15 g L?1, 0.30 mL) to a Pb(II) solution (1.0 mM, 0.90 mL, pH 5.0) resulted in the formation and precipitation of a Pb–keratin aggregate. Measurement of the Pb(II) and protein concentrations in the supernatant solution revealed that 88 and 99 % of the Pb(II) and keratin protein were removed from the solution, respectively. The maximum Pb(II) uptake capacity of keratin in the colloidal solution was 43.3 mg g?1. In addition, the Pb–keratin aggregate was easily decomposed via the addition of nitric acid, which enabled the recovery of Pb(II). However, aggregation did not occur in solutions with Pb(II) concentrations below 0.10 mM. Therefore, we used a keratin colloidal solution encapsulated in a dialysis cellulose tube to remove Pb(II) from 0.10 mM solutions, which enabled the removal of 95 % of the Pb(II). From these results, we conclude that keratin colloidal solution is useful for the treatment of water polluted with Pb(II). 相似文献
46.
47.
An overview of systems analysis methods in delineating environmental quality indices 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Environmental quality indices (EQIs) have been developed for a variety of purposes ranging from enforcement of environmental standards, to analysis of trends of environmental degradation or improvement, to scientific research. EQIs currently in use are not organized within an integrated framework and thus it has been difficult to analyze adequately complex, multidisciplinary, large-scale, global phenomena. In this paper we compare four different approaches to developing EQIs within a systems perspective. Our analysis suggests that: (1) non-linear regression models that represent an ecosystem's response to different impacts within a stress-response framework (method of response functions) are useful tools for analysis of environmental data; (2) non-equilibrium thermodynamics models based on the concept of exergy, which represents the free energy a system possesses in relation to its environment, provide a common basis for representing many aspects of ecosystem development and response to environmental impacts as a single measure; (3) diagram models based on the concept of emergy, which represents both environmental values and economic values with a single measure, provide a common basis for integrating economic development and environmental protection values into one index; and (4) complex systems simulation models based on general systems theory, which use the methodologies of systems analysis and simulation to identify, quantify, and interrelate EQIs within a dynamic systems context, provide explicit linkages between causes and effects (vertical integration) and identify cross-linkages among different environmental issues (horizontal integration). 相似文献
48.
49.
Borges João Tito Nakada Liane Yuri Kondo Maniero Milena Guedes Guimarães José Roberto 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(30):40460-40473
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In a post-pandemic scenario, indoor air monitoring may be required seeking to safeguard public health, and therefore well-defined methods, protocols,... 相似文献
50.
Conservation of coastal lands reduces non-point source pollution loads into oceans and estuaries, retains natural areas and
saves ecological communities from disappearance and change. A recent agreement for protection of Long Island Sound waters
in New York and Connecticut established 30 environmental and management goals. One of them is establishment of a listing of
existing undeveloped properties and their prioritization for natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation. The optimal
prioritization approach poses strong constraints and methodological challenges on selection of data for analysis, assignment
of a priority score to each property unit and the assessment of this assignment. To be a practical tool, the prioritization
model should be reproducible and include a mechanism for evaluation of obtained prioritization scenarios. Presented study
uses Geographic Information System (GIS) to assign conservation priority scores to unprotected and undeveloped parcels greater
than five acres in size within New York’s Long Island Sound coastal area. The method combines spatial multi-criteria analysis
and statistical methods. The results of this project include identification and prioritization of more than 700 undeveloped
properties on New York coast. The most important finding of GIS analysis was the discovery of clusters of vacant parcels that
together form large areas available for future conservation. These results offer new conservation tools and strategies to
coastal managers and government in New York State. 相似文献