Retrospective assessment of air quality management practices in Taiwan

In 1995, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA/TW) instituted a policy of levying emission taxes on polluters in order to combat the rampant national issue of pollution. Since that time, pollution control strategies, tightening exhaust emission standards for industry, improvements in fuel quality, and new stricter vehicle emission standards, etc., have been implemented. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these measures and examines the improvement of Taiwan's air quality. In this paper, we conduct a detailed analysis of change in the concentrations of pollutants (SO₂, NO_x and particulate matter [PM]) between two three-year periods (from 1996 to1998 and from 2000 to 2002). The pollution levels were generally lower in the latter period. Concentrations at 14 EPA/TW stations in central Taiwan were simulated and source apportionment analyses in three of Central Taiwan's largest cities were conducted using a trajectory transfer-coefficient air quality model. Correlation coefficients (r) between simulations and observations for the monthly means of the concentrations of SO₂, NO_x, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during the study periods at the 14 stations are 0.56, 0.63, 0.70 and 0.31, respectively. The sulfur control policy greatly reduced SO₂ concentration island-wide, a stringent emission standard put into place for gasoline vehicles reduced NO_x concentration along highways, and an emissions tax placed on construction sites, as well as a regular program for road-dust sweeping, reduced primary particulate matter. Among all of the pollution abatement policies implemented, the most effective method for reducing PM_2.5 concentrations in the three largest cities involved the reduction of fine ammonium sulfate aerosols from point sources (56–63% of net PM_2.5 reduction). The next largest reduction was attributed to a diminishment in primary PM_2.5 emanating from point sources (27–56% of net PM_2.5 reduction). Secondary particulate matter, especially sulfate, was reduced from distances up to 150 km leeward of major pollution point sources such as Taichung Power Plant.     

围隔中水华控制实验

目前我国很多湖泊和水库处于富营养化状态,其显著表现之一是微囊藻(Microcystis)在湖泊生态系统中恶性生长,形成水华,使水体群落结构恶化,湖泊水产品产量降低,湖泊丧失旅游价值,尤其严重的是影响了自来水厂的正常运行。 许多学者对控制微囊藻的生长进行过研究,其中最主要的方法是减少营养元素(主要是磷、氮进入湖泊的控制),对流域的点污染源和面污染源进行控制。这种方法耗资大,就我国的经济承受能力而言,短期内还很难全面实行。生物控制方法有引入微囊藻致病微生物或引入捕食微囊藻的浮游动物和鱼类,但目前仅处在实验室阶段。在以供水为主要功能的水体中,用化学方法控制微囊藻生长是使用比较广泛的方法。近年来,人们虽然试验了一万余种有机化合物的杀藻作用,但最常用的化学除藻剂仍是硫酸铜。这些除     

城市工业行业能源消费强势等级划分方法及应用

工业是能源消费的主要源头,城市是能源消费的主要场所,划分城市工业行业能源消费强势等级,有利于锁定城市能源消费重点行业,为中国城市化、工业化进程中的产业能源管理提供必要信息.在回顾工业能源消费基本关系基础上,确定了工业行业能源消费贡献率、经济贡献率和能源效率作为能源消费基本参数.以中国总体水平作为比较基准,界定了能源消费距离指数基本概念.按照距离指数数值的大小将工业行业能源消费等级划分为从巨大强势到巨大弱势之间的9个不同等级,指出了应关注的工业行业能源消费等级类型.以重庆为例,演示了工业行业能源消费强势等级划分方法的应用,确定了重庆主要工业行业在能源消费方面强势等级,找出了能源管理中值得特别关注的工业行业.     

镉对河南华溪蟹肝胰腺线粒体自由基代谢的影响

为了探明镉对线粒体自由基代谢的毒性机理,采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度镉(Cd2+)对河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanen肝胰腺组织线粒体抗超氧阴离子(O2.-)能力、抑制羟自由基(.OH)产生能力、过氧化氢(H2O2)和一氧化氮(NO)含量及一氧化氮合成(NOS)活力的影响.具体实验设置5个Cd2+浓度组(7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg.L-1),分别在24、48、72和96h时对自由基代的相关指标进行测定.结果显示,Cd2+对线粒体自由基代谢的影响表现出时间和浓度效应关系.随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长O2.-能力、抑制.OH产生能力逐渐降低,但H2O2含量逐渐增高,NO含量和NOS活力的变化基本趋于一致,即随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理间的延长先上升后下降.因此,线粒体中抗O2.-和抑制.OH产生能力、H2O2和NO含量及NOS活力可以作为重金属污染水生生物毒性效应指示物.     

东江流域主要支流溶解性有机质污染特征初探

溶解性有机质（DOM）是天然水体的重要组成部分,其组分构成及含量能够反映河流污染特征。研究利用三维荧光光谱技术对2014年3—4月东江流域8条一级支流下游DOM的荧光组分进行分析。通过寻峰法和平行因子分析（PARAFAC）识别出两种类腐殖质组分（Peak A和Peak B）和两种类蛋白质组分（Peak C和Peak D）;并结合常规水质指标,探索各支流的主要污染源,为东江流域水质管理提供科学依据。结果表明：1)东江流域淡水河和石马河两种类蛋白质显著高于其他支流,两种类腐殖质出现缺失现象。2）8条支流样点的DOM中,Peak C、Peak D与各常规水质参数相关性显著,说明东江流域DOM能够较好地反映水质情况。3）东江流域中上游支流自然生境良好,受到人为活动影响强度低。中游支流受农业及工业的双重污染,类腐殖质及类蛋白质的含量较上游河流有显著增加。下游支流受人为活动影响剧烈,河岸带自然生境破坏严重,河岸固化,使得类腐殖质缺失;工业废水及生活污水大量排放,类蛋白质含量显著上升。4）与国内外其他河流相比,东江流域各支流、珠江干流广州河段及河口、辽河流域太子河均呈现以类蛋白质为主要组分,与长江流域以及国外河流存在显著差异,说明东江流域人类产生的有机污染严重,亟须治理。     

佳木斯市水源地源水铁、锰含量超标的原因分析

根据佳木斯市的地质状况及近十年水源地铁、锰的监测数据,分析了佳木斯市各饮用水源地源水铁锰含量超标原因.     

A model supported by GIS for locating and quantifying PM2.5 emission originated from residential wood burning

A research method was presented for spatially quantifying and allocating the potential activity of a fine particle matter emission （ PM2.5 ）, which originated from residential wood burning （RWB） in this study. Demographic, hypsographic, climatic and topographic data were compiled and processed within a geographic information system（GIS）, and as independent variables put into a linear regression model for describing spatial distribution of the potential activity of residential wood burning as primary heating source. In order to improve the estimation, the classifications of urban, suburban and rural were redefined to meet the specifications of this application. Also, several definitions of forest accessibility were tested for estimation. The results suggested that the potential activity of RWB was mostly determined by elevation of a location, forest accessibility, urban/non-urban position, climatic conditions and several demographic variables. The linear regression model could explain approximately 86% of the variation of surveyed potential activity of RWB. The analysis results were validated by employing survey data collected mainly from a WebGIS based phone interview over the study area in central California. Based on lots free public GIS data, the model provided an easy and ideal tool for geographic researchers, environmental planners and administrators to understand where and how much PM2.5 emission from RWB was contributed to air quality. With this knowledge they could identify regions of concern, and better plan mitigation strategies to improve air quality. Furthermore, it allows for future adjustment on some parameters as the spatial analysis method is implemented in the different regions or various eco-social models.     

工业挥发性有机物排放控制的有效途径研究

挥发性有机物（VOCs）由于易挥发性,其控制途径有别于其他大气污染物.通过对VOCs排放特点的研究,提出了源头控制、有组织排放控制、无组织排放控制和总量控制四类控制途径,并对每类控制途径的控制方式进行了分析比较.     

我国新冠肺炎疫情期间医疗废物收集管理现状分析及对策研究

对全国抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情期间的医疗废物收集与管理现状进行分析,总结其存在的问题主要包括收集设施缺乏环境生物安全控制标准、基层人员对医疗废物管理不规范、医疗废物应急管理体系不完善等问题.为补齐防范重大公共事件中环境生物风险控制的短板,在现有收集技术、管理趋势的基础上进行分析,提出以下建议:①鼓励研究多种可广泛应用于一般生活垃圾、一般医疗垃圾以及高传染医疗废物,并对人类和生态环境无害的分类收集设施,可将生物安全控制技术融合至废物分类设施.②医疗废物合理规范管理是城市、乡村环境管理中的重点,但对于民用防疫废物的收集和处置方面仍有漏洞,应尽快制订新型冠状病毒类传染病重大公共事件的民用医疗废物管理应急标准.③为了对医废管理流程进行实时监管,可参考“工业互联网”“智慧环保”和“互联网+”,与“5G”技术结合构建“数据闭环-及时监管”数据库来提升收集与管理效率.      

宁夏入黄排水沟中典型内分泌干扰物的污染特征与风险评价

利用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱质谱联用仪检测分析了9种典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)在宁夏入黄排水沟中的污染水平,探讨了其空间分布特征,分析了其来源,并进行了风险评价.结果表明,宁夏入黄排水沟中33个采样点均有EDCs检出,各采样点∑EDCs浓度范围在82.28～1 730.09 ng·L^-1之间.其中,检出浓度最高的两种化合物是E2和OP,浓度最大值分别为1 367.41 ng·L^-1和787.80 ng·L^-1.酚类化合物中双酚A(BPA)和壬基酚(NP)的检出率均达到90%以上,雌激素类化合物中雌酮(E1)和雌三醇(E3)的检出率较高,均为79%.空间分布上,排水沟中∑EDCs浓度平均值呈现出石嘴山市和银川市远高于吴忠市和中卫市的分布特征,入黄口采样点∑EDCs浓度范围为82.28～979.82 ng·L^-1.来源分析显示,宁夏入黄排水沟中BPA主要来自于工业废水和生活污水,OP主要来源于工业废水,E1主要来自于畜禽养殖废水,E3主要来源于生活污水.风险评价结果表明,入黄排水沟中EDCs的生态风险...