太湖TCIPP和TCEP的人体健康水质基准及风险评估

有机磷酸酯作为溴代阻燃剂的替代物,在各种环境介质及生物体中不断被检出,因其可能具有生殖毒性、内分泌干扰效应和致癌性等效应,受到人们的广泛关注.本文以太湖流域为研究对象,选择两种典型有机磷酸酯磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCIPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),开展人体健康水质基准研究.基于太湖流域的人群暴露参数和...     

沸腾炉大气污染物的生成与排放特征分析

以20台沸腾炉(功率小于等于60 MW)的燃料特性分析数据和大气污染物的排放实测数据为基础,利用统计分析方法,研究了燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物(PM)、SO_2和NO_x初始排放浓度的影响因素,分析了沸腾炉PM、SO_2和NO_x排放现状,探讨了我国中小型沸腾炉PM、SO_2和NO_x排放管理控制的潜力和可行性.实验结果表明:在锅炉运行负荷大于等于80%的条件下,中小型沸腾炉PM的初始排放浓度基本上不受锅炉出力、过量空气系数和燃煤灰分含量的影响;燃煤的硫含量越高,SO_2初始排放浓度越高;过量空气系数越大,燃煤挥发分越低,NO_x初始排放浓度越高.     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下,既可涵养地下水,又截留处置了部分雨水,减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染,是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源,本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

Characterization of TSP-bound n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at rural and urban sites of Tianjin, China

Total suspended particle (TSP) was collected and analyzed at rural and urban sites in Tianjin, China during the domestic heating season (from 15 November to 15 March) of 2003/4 for n-alkanes and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The normalized distribution of n-alkanes with the peak at C22, C23, C24 or C25 suggested that fossil fuel utilization was the major source of particulate n-alkanes at both sites. PAHs normalized distribution for each sample was similar and the higher molecular weight PAH dominated the profile (around 90%) indicating a stronger combustion source at both sites. Precipitation and wind were the most important meteorological factors influencing TSP and PAHs atmospheric concentrations. In the urban area the emission height had significant influence on PAHs levels at different heights under the relative stable atmospheric conditions. Coal combustion was the major source for TSP-bound PAHs at both sites based on some diagnostic ratios.     

Use of ammoniacal nitrogen tolerant microalgae in landfill leachate treatment

Two microalgae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlamydomonas snowiae, were isolated from a high ammonia leachate pond in Li Keng Landfill, Guangzhou, China. Their growth and nutrient removal rates were determined in a serial dilution of landfill leachate under laboratory conditions, and their growth rates were compared with that of a C. pyrenoidosa strain isolated from a clean river. The results indicated the growth of all three algae was inhibited by high leachate concentrations, and the inhibition appears linked to high ammonia (ammoniacal-N670mgL(-1)). Significant amounts of ammoniacal-N, ortho-P and COD in the leachate were removed by the algae, with a positive correlation between algal growth and nutrient consumption. Not enough data are available to conclude that one strain was less inhibited by ammoniacal nitrogen or more effective at treating it. Phytotoxicity of leachate was reduced after algal growth, as demonstrated by a seed germination experiment with Brassica chinensis. The germination rates in 10%, 30% and 50% concentrations of algal-treated leachate were significantly higher than those in the same concentration but algal-free leachate.     

麻黄素工业废水的生物处理实验

定向培养驯化出生物多样性丰富的活性污泥,并从特异环境中分离筛选出嗜纤维微生物菌株,通过生物食物链的共同作用降解麻黄素类高浓度有机工业废水。     

Sublethal Cd-induced cellular damage and metabolic changes in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense

To explore whether sublethal cadmium (Cd) exposure causes branchial cellular damages and affects the metabolic activity in brachyuran crustaceans, the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense was exposed to 0.71, 1.43, and 2.86 mg/L Cd²⁺ for 3 weeks. Gill morphology, metabolic activity (activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), mRNA expression of CCO active subunit 1 (cco-1) and ldh, as well as ATP levels) in crab muscle were investigated. The results showed that sublethal Cd exposure caused profound morphological damages in the gills. The branchial epithelial cells were disorganized and vacuolized. Ultrastructurally, a decrease in number of apical microvilli, vacuolized mitochondria, and condensed chromatin were observed in gill epithelial cells. Correspondingly, the Cd exposure also induced downregulations of cco-1 and ldh mRNA expression and reduced activities of IDH, CCO, and LDH, in accordance with the lower ATP level in crab muscle. These results led to the conclusion that gill damage caused by sublethal Cd exposure could lead to an impairment of oxygen uptake of S. henanense, and the inhibition of metabolic activity decreases the oxygen demand of the crab and assists them to survive under the condition of lower oxygen availability. These effects add to our understanding on toxic effects of Cd and survival management of S. henanense subchronically exposed to sublethal Cd.     

不同粒级黑土胶体对铅的等温吸附特征

采集了黑土样品并从中提取了3种粒级(5~10、2~5和1~2μm)的胶体,测试了胶体的比表面积、颗粒粒径分布和颗粒矿物质组成等特征参数。在不同温度(25、35、45和55℃)、不同pH(2、4和6)条件下,使用黑土胶体对铅离子作等温吸附实验,并用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Redushkevich(D-R)吸附等温方程对实验数据进行了拟合。结果显示,黑土胶体对铅具有较强的吸附能力;不同温度下黑土胶体对铅的吸附等温式能很好地符合Freundlich模式(R2=0.94~0.98)和D-R模式(R2=0.91~0.98),随温度的升高,黑土胶体对铅离子的吸附能力增加;不同pH条件下,不同粒径黑土胶体对铅的吸附等温式较好地符合Freundlich模式,而当粒径小于5μm时,胶体对铅的吸附等温式能很好地符合Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R模式;随pH的升高,黑土胶体对铅离子的吸附能力增加;小粒径的胶体对铅具有更强的吸附能力;黑土胶体对铅的吸附属于化学吸附。     

水平冲击对单元货物的影响

对分隔式单元货物和单件组合式单元货物进行了水平冲击试验。根据试验结果,分析了在托盘尺寸、中空结构、结构不紧凑等单元货物结构上存在的问题。提出了单元货物包装结构设计的建议。