稻农低碳生产行为影响因素与引导策略——基于人际行为改进理论的多组比较分析

水稻种植是我国农业温室气体的主要排放源,有效引导农户进行水稻低碳化生产对减少农业温室气体排放,实现我国农业绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。基于改进的人际行为理论,建立稻农低碳生产行为影响机制理论框架,继而运用结构方程模型,实证检验了影响稻农低碳生产行为的主要因素及其影响路径。研究表明,低碳行为意愿与能力是激发稻农低碳生产行为的直接动因。行为态度、社会规范、环境情感通过影响低碳行为意愿作用于低碳生产行为。其中,行为态度的影响最大（0555）,其次是社会规范（0232）,环境情感作用最小（0153）。促进条件在意愿-行为、能力-行为的转化过程中具有显著的调节作用。进一步的多群组分析发现,受教育程度、家庭年收入、种植规模等变量在不同群组间的调节效应存在显著差异。由此表明,鼓励稻农适度扩大水稻种植规模,完善农业绿色生产补贴,加强水稻低碳生产教育与专业技术培训等是提高农户低碳认知与行为意愿,引导稻农从事低碳生产的有效手段     

环境风险规制的经济成本及次生影响——决策中需要重视的向度

环境风险是社会经济发展的副产物,是市场外部性的表现,需要公共部门的参与解决.然而环境风险的应对并非没有代价,这种代价既包括规制的经济成本,也包括其带来的次生影响.我国经济发展到目前的阶段,政府和公众都非常关注环境风险,并出台了大量的规制性政策对其进行治理.如何在实现环境治理目标的同时,合理控制经济成本、尽量减少次生影响是提升环境治理效能的重要命题,本文针对这一问题进行了探讨.主要对规制的经济成本和次生影响等关键概念做了辨析,对规制的经济成本和次生影响在我国被忽略的可能原因进行了分析,对他国应对这一问题所采取的措施开展了讨论.最后提出在我国针对重大环境规制性政策开展规制影响评估的建议.     

民航安全监察员培训效果评估研究

为了有效评估民航安全监察员的培训效果,明确民航安全监察员培训评估指标体系,结合民航安全监察工作特点,初步建立培训效果评估指标体系并进行问卷调查,确定了培训前评估、培训中评估和培训后评估3个维度的评估体系指标,包括一级指标3项,二级指标8项,三级指标19项。随后,采用专家群决策法、模糊综合评价法和层次分析法,确定了各级指标的隶属度和权重值。最后,对民航安全监察员培训效果评估进行了实例应用,结果为"Ⅴ级"。该模型运用于民航安全监察员培训效果评估中,评估结果为培训效果的提升提供了有效的指导和理论支撑,同时也为监察员培训效果考核提供了定性与定量相结合的依据和标准。     

Navigating Institutional Challenges: Design to Enable Community Participation in Social Learning for Freshwater Planning

Social learning is a process suited to developing understanding and concerted action to tackle complex resource dilemmas, such as freshwater management. Research has begun to recognise that in practice social learning encounters a variety of institutional challenges from the shared habits and routines of stakeholders (organised by rules, norms and strategies) that are embedded in organisational structures and norms of professional behaviour. These institutional habits and routines influence the degree of willingness to engage with stakeholders, and expectations of behaviours in social learning processes. Considering this, there has been a call to understand how institutions influence social learning and emergent outcomes. We addresses this by presenting a heuristic for implementing social learning cognisant of institutional context to answer three questions: (i) How institutional influences impact implementation of social learning design; (ii) how implementation of social learning design modifies institutions influencing social learning; and (iii) how these changes in design and institutions together shape social learning outcomes? To answer these questions a freshwater planning exercise was designed, implemented and evaluated as a social learning process with community groups in two New Zealand catchments. Incorporating participatory reflection enabled the project team to modify social learning design to manage institutional influences hindering progress toward outcomes. Findings emphasise that social learning is underpinned by participants’ changing assumptions about what constitutes the institution of learning itself—from instruction to a dynamic, collective and emergent process. Reflecting on these assumptions also challenged participants’ expectations about their own and others’ behaviours and roles in freshwater planning.     

自愿型环境规制:研究进展及未来展望

环境规制工具的选择决定了生态环境保护的成效,环境规制研究也是当前资源环境领域的研究热点之一。根据政府赋予被规制对象自由裁量权空间从小到大,可以将规制工具分为纯粹政府规制、元规制、自我规制、无约束的自由四种类型。既有研究对传统的纯粹政府规制工具给予了大量的关注,相比而言,对元规制和自我规制等自愿型环境规制工具的关注相对较少。已有的自愿型环境规制的研究主要从俱乐部物品理论、制度主义理论、利益相关者理论等视角出发,探讨自愿型环境规制的供给和需求问题。自愿型环境规制工具作为一种俱乐部物品,实践中面临的最大挑战在于如何克服企业的“搭便车”行为。现有的实证研究分别将自愿型环境规制作为自变量和因变量,分别探究①自愿型环境规制对企业环境绩效和经济创新绩效的影响,以及②企业参与自愿型环境规制的内外部动因。对比国内外文献我们发现,目前基于中国的社会经济背景下的自愿型环境规制的研究非常欠缺,这主要是因为中国在环境规制领域具有长期使用纯粹政府规制工具的传统,自愿型环境规制的实践较为欠缺,目前在中国实践较为广泛的自愿型环境规制工具仅有ISO14001环境管理体系以及化工行业的“责任关怀”体系。最后,本文基于现有对于中国自愿型环境规制研究的不足,展望了未来研究可能的方向。我们认为既有对于自愿型环境规制的研究更多关注对企业绩效的因果效应,而对其如何影响企业绩效的因果机制识别不足;此外,现有文献很少将中国特色的政治、经济、社会因素纳入自愿型环境规制的研究领域,未来的研究应当多从这两个方面着手深入。     

Polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of paclobutrazol in fruits

Abstract

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) widely used in fruit and vegetable cultivation. However, due to the severe toxicity of PBZ, a sub-ppm level maximum residue limit (MRL) was established worldwide. Therefore, it is significant to propose a rapid, sensitive and high throughput screening method for monitoring the PBZ residues in foods. In this study, a simple and sensitive indirect competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for PBZ detection in fruits basing polyclonal antibody. For both economy and pollution prevention, a microwave-solvent-free method was used to synthesize the PBZ hapten with high efficiency. The detection conditions, such as coating antigen concentration, antibody concentration, organic reagent concentration, ionic strength and pH, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed high sensitivity and specificity. The detection range is 1.27-138.23?ng/mL, half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) is 13.26?ng/mL, and the IC₂₀ was lower than the reported ELISAs for PBZ. Additionally, this method had high accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 88.78% to 96.80% in PBZ spiked apple samples with RSD below 4%. All the results showed that the polyclonal antibody based icELISA could be useful for PBZ screening in fruit samples.     

镉对大型溞肠道结构及消化酶活力的影响

镉(Cd~(2+))作为水环境中毒性较强的污染物之一,对水生动物各器官均造成了不良影响。为了了解镉对消化系统的毒性机理,研究了镉胁迫对大型溞(Daphnia magna)肠道组织及消化酶活力的影响。依据国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中Ⅴ类水质的镉浓度标准限值的1倍、5倍和9倍设置3个镉浓度组(0.01、0.05、0.09 mg·L~(-1))和1个对照组,分别处理24、48 h。结果表明,镉处理对大型溞肠道结构、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活力均产生了影响。首先,随着镉浓度的升高,显微结构显示,大型溞肠道上皮细胞排列松散、不整齐,并出现"空泡化";内侧纹状缘严重脱落。亚显微结构显示,肠道微绒毛出现断裂、溶解消失现象;线粒体发生肿胀、空泡化,嵴断裂或消失。其次,淀粉酶活力显著降低(P<0.01),与镉浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系;脂肪酶活力在镉浓度为0.01～0.05 mg·L~(-1)时升高,在0.09 mg·L~(-1)时活力被抑制;胰蛋白酶在镉处理24 h浓度为0.01 mg·L~(-1)时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在镉处理48 h时,各浓度组均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。镉对大型溞消化酶活力的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为0.01 mg·L~(-1)。大型溞作为常用的毒理学监测动物,实验结果将为含镉废水排放标准的完善提供理论依据。     

Exchange-rate economics for the resources sector

The paper provides an account of aspects of exchange-rate economics that are of particular relevance to the resources sector. The issues discussed include exchange-rate volatility and the risk management practices used to deal with it, the role of productivity differences across countries, and the impact of a booming resources sector on the country's exchange rate. The discussion is organized around a simple stylized model that emphasizes the quantity theory of money and purchasing power parity as a long-run link between prices and exchange rates.