Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

传感器在水质监测中的应用探讨

传感器具有灵敏度高、选择性好、操作简便、价格低廉、快速、在线连续监测等优点,近年来在水污染监测方面得到了迅速的发展和应用.本文对此技术的原理、相关概念、特点、进展、技术难点及应用前景作了综述.     

小麦植株对重金属铅富集特征的研究

采用盆栽法,以小麦为受试作物,通过对其不同生长时期各器官重金属含量的测定,研究小麦植株对重金属铅(Pb)的富集特征.结果表明,总体上看,在Pb胁迫下,Pb主要富集在小麦根部,向地上部分迁移较少;Pb在小麦幼苗期的分布规律为根>叶片;拔节期为根>叶片>茎;抽穗期为根>茎(叶片)>颖壳;成熟期为根>茎>叶片>颖壳(籽实);小麦根部Pb含量分布规律为抽穗期>成熟期>拔节期>幼苗期(除质量分数为400mg/kg时);茎中为抽穗期>成熟期>拔节期;叶片中为在拔节期和抽穗期较大,幼苗期和成熟期相对较小,拔节期达最大值;颖壳中为成熟期>抽穗期.     

金属掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜的制备和抗菌性能研究

采用sol—gel法在载玻片表面制备了Ce,Cu,i．a,Ag掺杂的锐铁矿相TiO2薄膜,并通过SEM,XRD．FT—IR及UVVIS进行了表征,比较了薄膜的抗菌性能．UV—VIS研究表明,金属掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜在近紫外区吸光度有明显提高。抗菌实验表明掺Ag的TiO2薄膜抗菌效果最佳。     

美国加油站的油气排放污染控制及其启示

在全面回顾美国加州加油站油气排放污染控制发展历程的基础上,重点介绍了两大类地下储油罐的压力管理技术.事实表明,对于加油站的总体油气排放污染控制而言,处于世界前沿水平的CRAB目前也仍然处于不断完善提高之中.国内油气回收行业在标准制定以及引进国外设备的过程中,应该进行充分的调研论证和科学决策,并自主研发突破一些技术瓶颈性问题.     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

甘南高寒退化草地生态位特征及生产力研究

采取样方法,对玛曲县高寒中度退化草地的植物种群群落进行了研究分析,结果表明:以莎草植物(嵩草)为绝对优势种,杂类草(金莲花)为主要伴生种。非优势种垂穗披碱草、甘青青兰生态位宽度较大,分别为0.913和0.911,而绝对优势种嵩草和主要伴生种金莲花的生态位宽度较低,分别为0.906和0.641。生态位相似性比例大于0.50%的种对约占种群总对数的42.29%。生态位重叠值大于0.040的种对,约占种群总对数的20.55%。生态位宽度较大的两个种群,种对相似性比例一般较高,具有较大的生态位重叠(如种对乳白香青和毛茛0.082),而生态位窄的物种相互间生态位重叠比例较小(如种对二裂委陵菜和金莲花0.033)。高生态位宽度与低生态位宽度的种群也可能有较高的重叠值(如种对车前和毛茛0.065),反之则低。杂类草鲜草产量、地上生物量比例最高,依次为100.00 g/(m2.a)、43.37%。     

基于区域产量法测算的福建省农业生态足迹

为了使生态足迹模型能更好地反映区域实际,文章对生态足迹模型中的计算项目做了较大改进。首次计算了肉类的耕地生态足迹和人畜排泄物污染生态足迹。新建了纳污土地、CO2吸收林地、水资源地三种生态足迹类型以强调农业污染的严重性和土地、林地的多重生态功能;将化石能源地并入CO2吸收林地;剔除牧草地类型,将肉类耗粮生态足迹并入耕地类型;将污染源从化石燃料扩展到人畜排泄物、化肥、农药领域,计算了CO2、N、P和农药等污染物的生态足迹。用福建省最近5 a的平均产量测算了2007年福建农业生态足迹,包括农业投入品生态足迹、农业劳动力消费生态足迹和农业污染物排放生态足迹三部分,然后与生态承载力分类比较以测度农业生产的生态占用情况。测算结果表明,2007年福建省农业生态足迹中,林地、水域、建成地、纳污土地占有实际生态承载力的比例较低,分别为1.4%、1.2%、13.4%和24.6%;而耕地占生态承载力的比例达到了94.2%;水资源地是实际生态承载力的2.2倍,出现了严重的生态赤字。最后提出相应的建议。     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x) Co_x O_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8) Ce_(0.2) Cu_(1-x) Co_x O_(4-δ) (x:0–0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ with oxygen vacancies and T -structured Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 1-x Co x O 4-δ (x: 0–0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-programmed desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 1-x Co x O 4-δ ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level, the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 1-x Co x O 4-δ increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO 3.702 catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr -1 , and 600–900°C, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO 3.702 NdSrCu 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3.736 NdSrCu 0.6 Co 0.4 O 3.789 Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 0.6 Co 0.4 O 4.187 Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 0.8 Co 0.2 O 4.104 Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 CuO 4.045 , in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu 3+ /Cu 2+ redox ability of NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮养殖废水研究

以典型高浓度养殖废水经UASB-短程亚硝化工艺处理后的出水为对象,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺进行脱氮处理研究.以反硝化污泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,在此基础上,通过试验确定最佳进水氨氮负荷应处于0.2 kg/(m³·d)左右,系统的HRT定为2 d;通过对系统运行条件研究发现,最佳运行条件为：pH为7.50左右,温度为30℃且系统不需投加有机碳源.在优化条件下,系统最终氨氮去除率能达到85％以上,亚硝态氮去除率达到95％以上,系统运行效果良好,且具有重现性.最后通过动力学理论分析得出氨氮的降解速率为0.012 6 d^－1,亚硝态氮的降解速率为0.013 1 d^-1.通过研究以期为后续工艺、神经网络模拟及“UASB-短程亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化-土地系统"组合新工艺的工程推广应用提供一定的理论依据.