AGRICULTURE LAND‐USE EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT LOSSES IN WEST TIAOXI WATERSHED,CHINA1

ABSTRACT: Five types of land use/land covers in the West Tiaoxi watershed of China were studied for nutrient losses in artificial rainstorm runoff. A self‐designed rainfall simulator was used. In situ rainfall simulations were used to: (1) compare the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous in different land use/land covers and (2) evaluate the flux of nitrogen and phosphorous export from runoff and sediment in various types of land use/land covers. Three duplicated experiments were carried out under rain intensity of 2 mm/min, each lasting 32 minutes on a 3 m² plot. Characteristics of various species of nitrogen and phosphorous in runoff and sediment were investigated. The results showed that the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) were greatest in runoff from mulberry trees and smallest from pine forest. The TN and TP export was mainly from suspended particulate in runoff. TN and TP exports from the top 10 cm layer of five types of land use/land covers were estimated as high as 4.66 to 9.40 g/m² and 2.57 to 4.89 g/m², respectively, of which exports through sediment of runoff accounted for more than 90 percent and 97 percent. The rate of TN and TP exports ranged from 2.68 to approximately 14.48 and 0.45 to approximately 4.11 mg/m²/min in runoff; these rates were much lower than those of 100.01 to approximately 172.67 and 72.82 to approximately 135.96 mg/m²/min in the runoff sediment.     

梦清园芦苇湿地根际微生物特性研究

本文通过对上海市梦清园芦苇湿地净化苏州河污染水体的示范工程采样分析，结果表明芦苇根际的微生物数量、酶的活性高于非根际的土壤。根际细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量均比非根际多，R／S平均值分别为70．3、9．5、2．9。相对于硝酸细菌而言亚硝酸细菌的根际效应较为明显，无论根际还是非根际的亚硝酸细菌数量均高于硝酸细菌的数量。根际细菌和硝化细菌数量随着水力停留时间增加而增加，而根际反硝化细菌数量则减少。菌剂和酶制剂的加入使得非根际泥样异养细菌、真菌、放线菌和亚硝酸细菌比对照组稍高，硝酸细菌和反硝化细菌则较少；而根际泥样中加菌剂和酶制剂组微生物数量比空白组高出1—2个数量级，在投加菌和酶制剂后酶活性无论在根际还是非根际都得到提高，高于对照组约5—6个酶活单位。     

生活污水的厌氧处理实验研究

利用UASB对生活污水的厌氧中试,使厌氧水力停留时间在8小时,处理效率达到80%,较大地降低了生活污水的吨水投资及直接运行费用.     

Eco-health evaluation for the Shanghai metropolitan area during the recent industrial transformation (1990-2003)

Shanghai is a cosmopolitan city and one of the most important economic centers in China, but is saddled with serious environmental problems resulting from a recent industrial transformation. This paper examines the interactive relationships between economic growth, eco-efficiency of urban metabolism, and environmental performance of the Shanghai metropolitan area since the 1990s using 15 indicators. This study has revealed an enhanced eco-efficiency of water and energy use as well as an improved overall environmental quality in the central urban districts of Shanghai. Both TGDP (total GDP) and GDP per capita increased rapidly at the annual rate of 16.28% and 15.91%, respectively. In contrast, energy consumed per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (ECG), water consumed per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (WCG), wastewater discharged per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (WWDG), and waste gases emitted per 10000RMB YUAN GDP (WGEG) decreased at the annual rate of 9.34%, 10.69%, 14.57%, and 8.52%, respectively. The rapid decline in ECG, WCG, WWDG, and WGEG indicates an enhanced eco-efficiency of urban metabolism. However, uncontrolled emission of wastes from domestic instead of industrial sources adversely affected the overall environmental quality. In addition, suburban areas have undergone rapid economic growth at the cost of human health deterioration, as measured by mortalities and relative mortality ratios of three major diseases (tumor, respiratory disease, and trauma/toxicosis). With Shanghai serving as the "locomotive" driving the economy of the Yangtze River Basin, effective pollution control policies and a network of regional coordination are urgently needed in the globalization and ecological security of the entire area.     

Would environmental pollution affect home prices? An empirical study based on China’s key cities

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With the development of China’s economy, the problem of environmental pollution has become increasingly more serious, affecting the sustained...     

城市雨洪过程模拟GPU加速计算效率研究

为量化分析GPU加速技术在城市雨洪过程模拟计算中效率提升效果,采用基于GPU技术的数值模型,对不同降雨及网格分辨率情形下的典型城市雨洪过程进行模拟,并对比分析GPU加速计算效率及其规律。结果表明:城市雨洪过程模拟中,GPU加速技术较CPU技术具有优势,不同情形下可提速23. 88～158. 72倍;在大暴雨和高分辨率网格条件下,GPU模型的提速效果更加明显,相较于短重现期降雨及低分辨率网格情形提升0. 29%～8. 43%,表明该技术适用于大范围高分辨率问题的模拟。该成果可为城市洪涝过程快速模拟预报提供技术支持。     

A general method for evaluating the effects of air pollutants on lung cancer prevalence

ABSTRACT

It is widely accepted that some air pollutants are related to lung cancer prevalence. An effective method is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of air pollutants and the interactions between them. The method consisted of three parts: data decomposition, comparable data generation and relationship inference. Firstly, very limited monitoring data published by Geographic Information System were applied to calculate the inhalable air pollution of relatively massive patient samples. Then the investigated area was partitioned into a number of districts, and the comparable data containing air pollutant concentrations and lung cancer prevalence in all districts were generated. Finally, the relationships between pollutants and lung cancer prevalence were concluded by an information fusion tool: Choquet integral. As an example, the proposed method was applied in the investigation of air pollution in Tianjin, China. Overall, SO₂, O₃ and PM_2.5 were the top three factors for lung cancer. And there was obvious positive interaction between O₃ and PM_2.5 and negative interaction among SO₂, O₃ and PM₁₀. The effect of SO₂ on men was larger than on women. O₃ and SO₂ were the most important factors for the adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The effect of SO₂ or NO₂ on squamous cell carcinoma is obviously larger than that on adenocarcinoma, while the effect of O₃ or PM_2.5 on adenocarcinoma is obviously larger than that on squamous cell carcinoma. The results provide important suggestions for management of pollutants and improvement of environmental quality. The proposed method without any parameter is general and easily realized, and it sets the foundation for further researches in other cities/countries.

Implications: For total lung cancer prevalence, male and female lung cancer prevalence, and adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma prevalence, the proposed method not only quantify the effect of single pollutant (SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀) but also reveals the correlations between different pollutants such as positive interaction or negative interaction. The proposed method without any geographic predictor and parameter is much easier to realize, and it sets the foundation for further research in other cities/countries. The study results provide important suggestions for the targeted management of different pollutants and the improvement of human lung health.     

土壤-作物系统中重金属元素吸收、迁移和积累过程模拟

土壤-作物系统是重金属危害生态环境和人类健康的重要途径,研究和了解土壤-作物系统中重金属元素的吸收、迁移和积累过程,对重金属污染的防控与管理以及人类的健康具有重要意义.本文建立作物吸收重金属的模型,计算小麦根、茎、叶以及籽粒中的重金属含量,分析在小麦生长周期中,根、茎、叶以及籽粒的重金属积累随时间变化的过程,并将预测值与实测值作对比来检验模型的精确度.结果表明,小麦的不同部位对重金属的吸收能力不同,根的吸收能力最强,叶片次之,茎和籽粒重金属的吸收能力较弱.小麦的各部位中不同重金属的含量也存在明显的差异,Cu元素的含量最高,Ni次之,Pb元素和Cd元素的含量较小.在小麦生长过程中,茎、叶和籽粒中的重金属积累速度分别在小麦生长90、60和135 d左右开始减缓,重金属含量逐渐达到最大值,而根部重金属积累的速度则呈现不断增长的趋势.本文利用数值模拟技术研究了重金属在土壤-作物系统中的吸收、迁移和积累过程,可为防范重金属污染的生态和健康风险提供科学依据.     

基于模糊层次综合法的加油站现状评价模型及应用

随着社会经济的飞速发展,加油站迅速遍布城乡各地.采用科学、合理的评价方法对加油站的安全现状作出客观的评价以保障其安全生产具有重大意义.建立1种将模糊层次综合评价法应用于加油站安全现状评价的模型,并通过实例论证了该评价模型能有机地将加油站的安全管理因素、设备设施因素、人员因素和环境因素等结合起来,科学、客观地反映出系统现状的安全性和各因素对系统安全性的影响大小,为加油站的安全评价提供了一种有效的综合评价方法,具有一定的实用价值.     

胶质芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉及与沸石联合对模拟废水中Fe~（3＋）处理研究

研究沸石、胶质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mucilaginosus）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus Niger）、胶质芽孢杆菌与沸石联合以及黑曲霉与沸石联合对模拟废水中Fe3＋的吸附等温曲线,分析它们对Fe3＋模拟废水的吸附及絮凝作用。结果表明：沸石对Fe3＋吸附作用符合Freundlich方程;胶质芽孢杆菌分泌含有—OH和COO-的胞外多糖,对Fe3＋具有较好的吸附效果;沸石与胶质芽孢杆菌联合对模拟废水中Fe3＋的处理,低浓度以沸石对Fe3＋的吸附为主,加入胶质芽孢杆菌絮凝剂使吸附了Fe3＋的沸石进行絮凝沉降,吸附等温曲线符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,高浓度两者共同作用使吸附量增加;黑曲霉对Fe3＋的吸附符合BET吸附等温方程;沸石与黑曲霉两者共同作用对Fe3＋模拟废水吸附等温曲线为直线。通过去除效果对比分析可知：胶质芽孢杆菌既有吸附又有絮凝功能;胶质芽孢杆菌絮凝剂无论是对Fe3＋的吸附还是对吸附Fe3＋沸石的絮凝都比黑曲霉对Fe3＋处理效果好;胶质芽孢杆菌和一些非金属矿物复合处理污染废水是一种无毒、低成本环保的处理方法,本研究将为它们在工程中的应用提供实践依据。