新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺的优化制备

为提高含铜废水的处理效果及简化处理流程,以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸(TGA)为原料,先经羟甲基化反应制备中间产物羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MPAM),再通过酰胺化反应将巯基接枝到MPAM分子链上,制备出新型重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM).以水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为考察目标,采用Plackett-Burman实验、最陡爬坡实验和响应面法中CCD实验优化MAMPAM的制备条件.结果表明,MAMPAM最优制备条件为:MPAM浓度0.31%、MPAM与TGA物质的量比为1∶3.2、反应介质p H值为4.76、反应温度为25℃、反应时间为2 h,在此条件下制备的MAMPAM对Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率为95.30%,与模型的理论预测值94.47%接近,相对偏差仅为0.83%,模型合理可靠.红外分析表明MPAM分子链上成功接上了巯基.MAMPAM对不同初始浓度的含Cu(Ⅱ)水样具有很好的去除效果,Cu(Ⅱ)去除率均能达到90%以上.MAMPAM有望成为一种有效的含铜废水处理剂,具有一定的应用前景.     

Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极-空气阴极电催化降解染料废水

为解决电化学法处理高盐染料废水存在的能耗大、成本高等问题,分别采用溶胶-凝胶法和辊压法制备Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极和空气阴极,构建了Ti/SnO_2-Sb阳极-空气阴极双极体系(TSSA-ADC)。甲基橙(MO)作为高盐染料废水的典型污染物,考察了电流强度、MO浓度、电解液浓度和初始p H对TSSA-ADC体系和TSSA单阳极体系降解MO的影响。结果表明:与TSSA单阳极体系相比,TSSA-ADC体系具有更好的抗有机负荷冲击、抗盐分冲击、抗酸碱波动能力,能够维护酸碱平衡防止硬度离子结垢。最佳反应条件为电流强度为0.030 A,电解液浓度为3%,MO浓度为100 mg/L,初始pH=6。以MO去除率达到98%为基准,TSSA-ADC体系比TSSA体系可节能74.26%。     

一种多介质层波形潜流人工湿地处理重污染河水试验

我国河流污染严重,城市黑臭水体的比率日益增加。人工湿地作为一种高效低耗能的绿色处理技术,已被广泛应用于污染河水的治理。通过对比分析分层装填复合填料的多介质层波形潜流人工湿地和单一砾石填料的普通人工湿地处理重污染河水的效果,研究了特种基质填料强化脱氮除磷作用以及不同水力负荷条件的影响。试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到55.95%、77.85%、39.80%和54.94%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到58.52%、75.99%、67.08%和57.31%。在水力负荷为0.5 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到68.46%、90.73%、42.13%和53.70%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到69.61%、89.94%、77.58%和68.63%,其脱氮效果明显好于普通湿地。以复合填料包分层装填的波形潜流人工湿地系统具有良好的脱氮除磷效果,有很好的推广应用价值。     

汽油在西北黄土上吸附特性的研究

通过动力学和热力学吸附实验,研究了汽油在西北地区黄土上的吸附行为,同时研究了提取的天然腐植酸对汽油在黄土上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,汽油在黄土上的吸附在6h内达到平衡.无论是否加入腐植酸,汽油在黄土上的吸附动力学过程均符合Elovich方程,其热力学吸附符合Freundlich方程.腐植酸的存在使汽油在黄土上的吸附能力减小.反应温度从25℃升高到45 C,汽油在土壤上的饱和吸附量从6.300mg·g-1减小到1.365 mg·g-1,表明汽油在黄土上的吸附属于放热反应.溶液pH和土壤粒径的增大,均不利于汽油在黄土上的吸附,溶液pH和土壤粒径越大,其在黄土上的吸附量越小.另外,在室温下对吸附了汽油的土壤样品和纯汽油挥发行为的研究表明,吸附了汽油的土壤样品的汽油挥发比纯汽油慢,其挥发率与时间成对数关系.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

Eutrophication development and its key regulating factors in a water-supply reservoir in North China

Yanghe Reservoir is an important source of drinking water for Qinhuangdao City,North China;however,in recent decades this water source has been eutrophic with recurrent summer cyanobacterial blooms.The trophic grade of the system in summer was mesotrophiceutrophic in 1990 and became hypertrophic in 2011.The nutrient availability is extremely high during the entire year,and the water temperature should be the primary driver of the summer blooms.In May-October of 2010 and 2011,abrupt variations were observed in the Secchi depth(SD) and chlorophyll a(Chl-a),and both the correlated analysis of Chl-a-SD and trophic status indices(TSI) deviation(TSI Chl-a-TSI SD) showed that algal cell density dominated light attenuation.During the algal bloom outbreak,the microcystin concentration was found to vary between 0.35-2.12 μg/L in 2010 and 0.11-1.86 μg/L in 2011.The maximum microcystin content was more than two times the safety limit required for drinking water.Inflow discharges were most concentrated in the summer,with periods of lower residence time and the largest water level fluctuation over the entire year.When a high availability of nutrients promoted a high Chl-a concentration in the whole system,it appeared that the instability caused by the decrease in residence time could not produce effective changes in the cyanobacterial abundance.The results indicated that nutrient enrichment in the aquatic systems of Yanghe Reservoir is the most serious problem and that the status would not been modified effectively by increasing hydrological fluctuations(e.g.,decreasing the residence time).Therefore,decreasing the nutrient concentrations is the only route to improve the water quality of this reservoir.     

生化尾水垂直流-水平潜流组合湿地净化研究

采用垂直上升流-水平潜流组合人工湿地装置,对处理污水处理厂生化尾水进行深度处理,选用陶粒、沸石和砾石3种填料,美人蕉、再力花和菖蒲3种植物配置成6种不同的组合.8个月的试验结果表明,水力负荷为0.5 m3/(m2·d),试验装置对NH3-N和TP的去除效果较好,NH3-N平均去除率在69.3％以上,6组试验装置中4组的TP平均去除率在50％以上;COD,N03--N和TN去除效果较差,平均去除率分别在12.5％～ 15.1％,-1.8％ ～ 9.6％和6.3％～ 17.9％之间.以陶粒为填料种植美人蕉的组合湿地装置脱氮除磷效果最好,NH3-N,TN,N03--N,TP的平均去除率分别达到80.9％,17.9％,9.6％,77.5％.     

餐厨垃圾污染防治技术探讨

随着城镇人口的迅速增长,我国物质生活的丰富,但随之而来的餐厨垃圾也日益增多。目前餐厨垃圾技术种类繁多,百花齐放。本文通过对餐厨垃圾处理技术进行了梳理分析,总结出三大主流工艺,为餐厨垃圾的污染防治提供参考。     

模糊综合评判在崩塌预测中的应用

本文用模糊数学理论建立了崩塌易发性预测模型,模型中通过对崩塌影响因素的分析,选取8种因素作为预测因子,4个等级作为评价集,并引入k次抛物型模糊分布作为隶属函数。之后采用层次分析法求出权重,使用matlab软件检验权重的一致性并计算结果向量,从而实现对崩塌发育影响因素严重性等级综合评判。实例表明:模糊综合评价方法可操作性强、效果较好,可在一般崩塌发育影响因素分析评价中广泛应用。