长期定位施肥对土壤生理转化菌群的影响

针对哈尔滨黑土28 a长期定位施肥现状进行土壤生理转化菌群测试分析,采用稀释平板法和MPN法测定不同施肥处理土壤的微生物各生理群的数量.结果表明:施肥处理的土壤微生物多样性指数最高,微生物种类多,群落结构较复杂,同不施肥处理之间的土壤微生物群落结构组成存在显著差异.     

乙草胺、丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在室外天然水中的非生物降解及其影响因素

在亚热带冬、夏两季室外自然光照和温度条件下,研究了环境浓度下乙草胺、丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在河水和海水基底中的非生物降解(水解+光解)行为,并结合室内实验研究了非生物降解的影响因素.室外实验结果表明,冬季(气温12.30—26.98℃,平均17.47℃)乙草胺、丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在河水中的非生物降解半衰期(t1/2)为64—131 d、水解t1/2为105—346 d、光解t1/2为159—410 d,海水中非生物降解t1/2为89—193 d、水解t1/2为77—277 d、光解t1/2为417—630 d;夏季(气温20.77—30.37℃,平均27.22℃)3种目标农药在河水中非生物降解t1/2为4—20 d、水解t1/2为7—54 d、光解t1/2为7—32 d,海水中非生物降解t1/2为10—50 d、水解t1/2为23—67 d、光解t1/2为17—192 d.目标农药在海水中的残留持久性远高于河水;超纯水条件下,光解在目标农药的非生物降解中占主导地位;河水中的光解速率快于海水.室内实验发现,硝酸盐促进了3种目标农药的水解,同时对乙草胺和丁草胺的光解也起到促进作用;p H升高促进了异丙甲草胺的水解和光解速率,但是抑制了丁草胺的水解和乙草胺、丁草胺的光解;腐殖质添加浓度为10 mg·L-1和20 mg·L-1时促进了3种目标农药的水解,但在浓度达30 mg·L-1时则抑制了乙草胺的水解及异丙甲草胺的光解.总体而言,3种目标农药在实际水环境中的降解半衰期均较长,其降解机理和毒性效应值得进一步研究.     

膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状

膜生物反应器及其组合工艺能实现水源水中微污染物的有效去除,是一种新型高效水处理工艺.总结了膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状、污染物去除效果和机制;在分析膜污染机制基础上归纳了膜污染控制和污染膜清洗方式,展望了膜生物反应器在给水领域应用需克服解决的技术难点.     

表面活性剂加强动电技术去除污泥中铜和镉

以实际城市污泥为研究对象,通过采用表面活性剂作为阴极液,并考虑阴极液pH值、表面活性剂类型和电压3种因素对动电技术去除污泥中重金属(铜和镉)的影响,选用正交试验确定最佳试验条件.结果表明,采用表明活性剂作为阴极液加强动电技术去除污泥中重金属足可行的,铜和镉的去除率分别达到11.1%～52.6%和9.1%～46.7%.通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,试验的最佳条件为:电压为20 V,阴极液加入十六烷基三甲基氯化铵并控制pH值为4～6.表面活性剂的类型对动电技术去除镉具有显著影响.其中,表面活性剂类型对动电过程的影响最大,阴极液pH值次之,电压影响最小.     

负载型纳米TiO2光催化降解水中微量溶解性间二甲苯

以高压汞灯为光源 ,采用浸涂 -烧结法制备的负载型纳米TiO2 作为光催化剂 ,通过对水中微量溶解性间二甲苯的光催化氧化过程的研究表明 ,初始浓度在 6 .6 8— 17.36mg/L的范围内 ,间二甲苯的光催化反应遵循表观一级反应动力学规律 ,反应的表观速率常数随溶液初始浓度的增大而减小 ,半衰期则随初始浓度的增大而增加 ,经 1.5h反应后 ,溶液中间二甲苯的去除率从 17.36mg/L的 5 4 .4 4 %增加到 6 .6 8mg/L的 75 .90 %。     

建设用地土壤污染状况调查监管存在的问题及对策探讨

明确了建设用地土壤污染状况调查监管的对象,分析了我国现阶段调查监管存在的监管力量不足、从业门槛不明确、实时监管措施缺乏等问题.结合国内外调查工作监管经验和近年苏州工业园区调查监管的探索实践,提出了鼓励引导相关利益方参与调查监管、建立健全从业人员和机构监管制度、引入监理机制、推进信息化过程管理等对策建议.     

卡拉水电站田三滑坡体失稳机理及涌浪计算

结合雅砻江卡拉水电站田三滑坡体工程地质条件,对滑坡变形及涌浪的影响进行深入分析.在总结国内外滑坡涌浪预警实践经验的基础上,研究滑坡运动的过程,对比分析了速度大小、涌浪过程的变化规律.研究表明,在滑坡涌浪的入水初速度及库水深度一定的前提下,田三滑坡体具有初始涌浪高、爬坡高的特点,特别是在库水水位下降时,更要加强监测和预报...     

居民为改善城市河流黑臭现象的支付意愿研究——以滏阳河衡水市区段为例

滏阳河衡水市区段严重的黑臭污染给两岸的居民造成了工作、生活舒适性的威胁, 严重破坏了周围的环境景观.本研究采用意愿调查价值评估法,以滏阳河衡水市区段沿岸人口较稠密的21个居民区为调查对象,运用调查问卷调查居民对滏阳河环境改善的支付意愿.研究结果表明:衡水市居民为改善滏阳河水体黑臭的平均支付意愿是 66.82元/(户·年),全市总支付意愿是633.8万元/年,说明全市人民对滏阳河的治理需求还是非常迫切的.     

Non-microcystin producing Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek (Cyanobacteria) representing a main waterbloom-forming species in Chinese waters

It is well known that several morphospecies of Microcystis, such as Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Lemmermann and Microcystis viridis (A. Brown) Lemmermann can produce hepatotoxic microcystins. However, previous studies gave contradictory conclusions about microcystin production of Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek. In the present study, ten Microcystis morphospecies were identified in waterblooms of seven Chinese waterbodies, and Microcystis wesenbergii was shown as the dominant species in these waters. More than 250 single colonies of M. wesenbergii were chosen, under morphological identification, to examine whether M. wesenbergii produce hepatotoxic microcystin by using multiplex PCR for molecular detection of a region (mcyA) of microcystin synthesis genes, and chemical analyses of microcystin content by ELISA and HPLC for 21 isolated strains of M. wesenbergii from these waters were also performed. Both molecular and chemical methods demonstrated that M. wesenbergii from Chinese waters did not produce microcystin.     

Characterizing effects of uncertainties in MSW composting process through a coupled fuzzy vertex and factorial-analysis approach

A coupled fuzzy vertex and factorial-analysis approach was developed in this study for systematically characterizing effects of uncertainties in a municipal solid waste composting process. A comprehensive composting process model was also embedded into the system framework and used to address substrate decomposition and biomass growth, as well as the interactions between moisture contents, temperatures, and oxygen concentrations. The applicability of the proposed method was verified through a custom-made pilot-scale composting system. Results from fuzzy simulation indicated that the fuzzy vertex method could effectively communicate implicit knowledge into dynamic simulations and thus provide valuable information for enhancing composting process control under uncertainty. The factorial analysis was effective in quantifying the proportion to which the uncertainty of each single or interactive effect of model parameters contributes to the overall uncertainty of the system outcomes. Thus, sensitive parameters that may lead to errors or unreasonable predictions can be determined. The proposed study system could not only be used in characterizing combined effects of uncertainties for composting processes, but was also applicable to many other environmental modelling systems.