Extraction of arsenate and arsenite species from soils and sediments

The primary objective of this study was to develop a simple method that can be used to extract the more readily mobilizable and bioavailable arsenic species from soil and sediment while at the same time minimizing the transformation between (AsIII) and (AsV), the two most commonly found arsenic species in the environment. Several extraction strategies were evaluated using phosphate as extractant in combination with either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl), or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (NaDDC). The addition of EDTA in the phosphate solution did not prevent AsIII from oxidation. While promising results were shown when 1% NH2OH.HCl was added, conversion of AsIII began to occur with extended extraction time (> 12 h). Good results were achieved using 10 mM phosphate and 0.5% NaDDC where AsIII oxidation was clearly minimized. The combined phosphate and NaDDC solution was applied to several soil and sediment samples. AsIII spiked was quantitatively recovered in all soil types tested.     

三丁基氯化锡对红鳍笛鲷的急性毒性及不同组织生化指标的影响

为研究有机锡化合物对海洋生物抗氧化防御系统和神经系统的影响,以我国东南沿海常见的中下层增养殖鱼类红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)幼鱼为实验生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别研究了三丁基氯化锡(tributyltin chloride,TBTCl)的急性毒性和96 h暴露时间内对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼鳃、脑和...     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

Capacity estimation and preliminary strategy for reducing the release of dioxins in China

As a party of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, China must submit its national implementation plan (NIP) for this convention. The strategy and action plan for reducing the release of dioxins in China are the most important components of the NIP. Three problems are key points for developing such strategy and action plan—what are the key sources for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to reduce the release of dioxins? How about the capacity for reducing the dioxins release from the key sources? Where are the areas of priority for applying BAT/BEP? This paper shows the efforts towards the solution of these problems. The list of key sources covering about half of the total dioxins release was determined considering four criteria. The capacity of key sources were estimated based on the difference between the emission factor corresponding to the actual situation in 2004 and that corresponding to the scenario that all key sources have been applied BAT/BEP to reduce the dioxins release. The priority analysis using the geographical information system (GIS) tool has revealed that castern provinces should be of high priority in the future reduction activities of dioxins release in China.     

利用碎片常数和结构因子法估测农药在正辛醇／水相中的分配系数

本文详细阐述了用碎片常数与结构因子法估测农药在正辛醇与水相体系中分配系数的方法，并对６０种农药分配系数的估测结果与用经典的摇瓶测试法得到的实测值进行了比较，结果表明：估测结果与实测值基本吻合，碎片常数和结构因子估测法可以作为获得农药分配系数的另一种途径。     

推进GIS在环境规划中应用的探讨

本文在分析了地理信息系统引入环境规划带来的优越性的基础上，通过对目前我国环境领域中ＧＩＳ应用现状及实例研究，得出要深化ＧＩＳ在我国环境科学中的应用，就必须加强ＧＩＳ上的模型分析，并最终建立起ＧＩＳ模型库。     

GUS基因在诸葛菜子叶原生质体中的瞬间表达

本文以诸葛菜无菌苗子叶组织为材料，采用原生质体培养获得成功，建立了原生质体培养高频再生体系，植板率３％，植株再生频率１００％。在此基础上，本文首次研究了ＰＥＧ介导转化诸葛菜原生质体的影响因素，系统地试验了ＰＥＧ法转化子叶原生质体的过程，发现：最适质粒量为２５－３０μｇ；ＰＥＧ终浓度为１５％，ｐＨ８．０；另外，表达效率还与质粒的大小有关，较小的质粒具有相对较高的转化效率；而ＣＴ－ＤＮＡ以及热击处理未     

酸化—吹气—吸收法测定水及废水中的硫化物

本文设计了硫化物测定的酸化－吹气－吸收装置，验证了装置对硫化的回收效果，对硫化物标准溶液的配制及其稳定性进行了研究，对分析条件进行了最佳选择，建立了亚甲基监光度法测定硫化物的分析方法，并对实际样品进行了测定。本方法的检出限为０．００５ｍｇＳ＾２－／ｌ，线性范围为０．００５－０．７００ｍｇＳ＾２－／ｌ，可应用于水和废水样品中微量硫化物的测定。     

甲基异柳磷等四种农药的水解特性研究

本文测定了甲基异柳磷、单甲脒、克草胺、嘧啶氧磷等四种农药在不同温度和不同pH条件下的水解速率、探讨了影响水解的主要因素。结果表明,在中性水溶液中,25℃时四种农药的水解半衰期分别为:甲基异柳磷270.8d,单甲脒6.5d,克草胺602.7d,嘧啶氧磷55.9d;当温度升至50℃时,四种农药的水解速率均有不同程度的增加,增幅为原来的2.0—10.8倍;改变pH亦会影响水解速率,甲基异柳磷和单甲脒均随pH增加水解大大加快;克草胺则在中性及碱性条件下很稳定,在酸性条件下稳定性较差;而嘧啶氧磷在酸碱条件下都不如在中性条件下稳定。     

海洋病毒--一种新的、潜力巨大的赤潮防治工具

概述了海洋病毒尤其是藻类病毒(包括原核藻类病毒和真核藻类病毒)的研究进展,以及赤潮发生的新态势和目前赤潮防治方法的不足,评析了海洋病毒与赤潮生物的关系,介绍了藻类病毒在赤潮控制方面所取得的一些成果,强调了海洋病毒在生态环境中的重要作用,提出了利用病毒防治赤潮的可能性及有效性,展望了以病毒调控赤潮的前景.参54